ArticleJournal of breast cancer2019
Tumor-Associated Macrophages as Potential Prognostic Biomarkers of Invasive Breast Cancer.
Article in Journal of breast cancer, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 109 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
109 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 170 citations in OpenAlex.
- Targeting PI3K-gamma in myeloid driven tumour immune suppression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the preclinical literature.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2024Pooled it
- The Prognostic and Clinical Value of Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Patients With Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Pooled it
- An in vivo platform to jointly monitor cellular and metabolic responses to chemotherapy.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Effect of clinically relevant iron oxide nanoparticles on macrophage polarization, tumor growth and tumor microenvironment modulation.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2026Article
- Extracellular vesicles from canine mammary tumor cells promote macrophage M2 polarization and enhance tumor progression.Veterinary research communications · 2026Article
- Regulating the regulators via targeting CD38 in the tumor microenvironment.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- CD155 Expression in Invasive Breast Carcinoma: Association with Immune Tumor Microenvironment.Iranian journal of pathology · 2026Article
- Review
- Article
- Inside the Tumor: Decoding the Feline Mammary Tumor Microenvironment and Its Prognostic Value-A Review.Veterinary sciences · 2025Review
- Ferroptosis and non-coding RNAs in breast cancer: insights into CAF and TAM interactions.Discover oncology · 2025Review
- Review
- Embracing cancer immunotherapy with manganese particles.Cellular oncology (Dordrecht, Netherlands) · 2025Review
- PFN1 Knockdown Aggravates Mitophagy to Retard Lung Adenocarcinoma Initiation and M2 Macrophage Polarization.Molecular biotechnology · 2025Article
- Prognostic Significance of Macrophage Phenotypes in Peri-Tumoral Normal Tissue of Early-Stage Breast Cancer.Cells · 2025Article
- Review
- AXL promotes inflammatory breast cancer progression by regulating immunosuppressive macrophage polarization.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2025Article
- Comprehensive analysis of molecular characteristics between primary and breast-derived metastatic ovarian cancer.Translational cancer research · 2025Article
- Tumor Microenvironment Dynamics of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Under Radiation Therapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Advances in 3D printing combined with tissue engineering for nerve regeneration and repair.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2025Review
49 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeTumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are activated macrophages associated with tumor progression in various cancers. TAMs can polarize M1 or M2 type. M1 has a pro-inflammatory function and kills pathogens. Conversely, M2 shows immunosuppressive action and promotes tumor growth. There are various markers of TAMs. CD11c is considered as a specific marker of M1. CD163 is an optimal marker for M2. CD68 is known as a pan-macrophage marker. We evaluated the relationship between the clinicopathological parameters and immunohistochemical expressions of CD11c, CD163, and CD68 in invasive breast cancer (IBC), and the prognostic value of macrophage localization within the tumor stroma (TS) and tumor nest (TN).
methodsImmunohistochemistry of CD68, CD11c, and CD163 was analyzed on tissue microarrays of 367 IBCs. The number of CD68+, CD11c+, or CD163+ macrophages in TN vs. TS was counted by 2 pathologists. The correlations between the degree of macrophage (CD68+, CD11c+, or CD163+) infiltration and the clinicopathological parameters were analyzed. We also assessed the impact of macrophages (CD68+, CD11c+, or CD163+) on disease free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS).
resultsHigh numbers of macrophages (CD68+, CD11c+, or CD163+) were associated with higher histologic grade, higher Ki-67 proliferating index, estrogen receptor negativity, and progesterone receptor negativity. High numbers of macrophages (CD11c+ or CD163+) in TS were associated with a larger tumor size. Furthermore, CD163+ macrophages in TN were an independent prognostic marker of reduced OS and DFS. Conversely, CD11c+ macrophages in TS were an independent prognostic marker for higher OS and DFS.
conclusionTAMs, including M2 type, are associated with tumor progression in IBC. They can also act as a significant unfavorable or favorable prognostic factor. In addition to simply analyzing the degree of TAM infiltration, it is also important to analyze the location of TAMs.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.