ArticlemBio2019
Human Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin Glycan Evolution Follows a Temporal Pattern to a Glycan Limit.
Article in mBio, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 79 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
79 citing papers in PubMed, 102 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of Age and Birth Cohort on Influenza A Virus Subtype-Specific Hospitalization Rates, United States, 2010-2025.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- N-linked glycosylation sites with low occupancy support sustained circulation of the A(H3N2) influenza A virus in the human population.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- What Antibody Repertoires See: Structural and Immunogenetic Insights Into Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin Recognition.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Molecular Characterization of Influenza A(H3N2) Hemagglutinin Variants Circulating in Western Mexico, 2022.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- INAAC: An affinity chromatography strategy enabling characterization and quantification of influenza neuraminidase antigens in vaccines.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2026Article
- Arming Inactivated Enveloped Virus Vaccines with theVaccines · 2026Review
- Structural insights into antibody responses against influenza A virus in its natural reservoir.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Host Glycan-Lectin Interplay in SARS-CoV-2 Infection.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Interim 2025/26 influenza vaccine effectiveness estimates with immuno-epidemiological considerations for A(H3N2) subclade K protection, Canada, January 2026.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2026Article
- Structural and immunological characterization of the H3 influenza hemagglutinin during antigenic drift.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Emergence of seasonal influenza A(H3N2) variants with immune escape potential warrants enhanced molecular and epidemiological surveillance for the 2025-2026 season.Journal of the Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Canada = Journal officiel de l'Association pour la microbiologie medicale et l'infectiologie Canada · 2025Article
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- Glycan site loss in two egg-adapted live attenuated influenza vaccine strains does not cause antigenic mismatches.The Journal of general virology · 2025Article
- Conserved sites on the influenza H1 and H3 hemagglutinin recognized by human antibodies.Science advances · 2025Article
- Genetic and Molecular Characterization of Avian Influenza A(H9N2) Viruses from Live Bird Markets (LBM) in Senegal.Viruses · 2025Article
- Comprehensive N-glycosylation profiling of recombinant spike S1 protein from the wild-type SARS-CoV-2 and its variants.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Future Sequon Finder - A novel approach for predicting future N-linked glycosylation sequon locations on viral surface proteins.PloS one · 2025Article
- Hemagglutinin glycosylation pattern-specific effects: implications for the fitness of H9.4.2.5-branched H9N2 avian influenza viruses.Emerging microbes & infections · 2024Article
- Spike N354 glycosylation augments SARS-CoV-2 fitness for human adaptation through structural plasticity.National science review · 2024Article
19 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Human antibody-based immunity to influenza A virus is limited by antigenic drift resulting from amino acid substitutions in the hemagglutinin (HA) head domain. Glycan addition can cause large antigenic changes but is limited by fitness costs to viral replication. Here, we report that glycans are added to H1 and H3 HAs at discrete 5-to-7-year intervals, until they reach a functional glycan limit, after which glycans are swapped at approximately 2-fold-longer intervals. Consistent with this pattern, 2009 pandemic H1N1 added a glycan at residue N162 over the 2015-2016 season, an addition that required two epistatic HA head mutations for complete glycosylation. These strains rapidly replaced H1N1 strains globally, by 2017 dominating H3N2 and influenza B virus strains for the season. The pattern of glycan modulation that we outline should aid efforts for tracing the epidemic potential of evolving human IAV strains.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.