ReviewDeutsches Arzteblatt international2019
Checkpoint Inhibitors.
Review in Deutsches Arzteblatt international, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 58 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
58 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 115 citations in OpenAlex.
- Guidelines on the Use of Therapeutic Apheresis in Clinical Practice-Evidence-Based Approach From the Writing Committee of the American Society for Apheresis: The Tenth Special Issue.Journal of clinical apheresis · 2026Guideline
- Hematological Toxicities in the Modern Era of Melanoma Therapy.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Management of Facial Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Induced Vitiligo with Topical Ruxolitinib: Quantitative Assessment Using a Semi-Automatic Tool.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2026Article
- Preoperative Immunotherapy in Oncology.Deutsches Arzteblatt international · 2026Review
- Therapeutic Immunomodulation in Cardiovascular Disease: Anti-inflammatory Strategies and Landmark Trials.Cureus · 2025Review
- Low triglyceride levels are associated with increased risk of immune-related adverse events in patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors.Oncoimmunology · 2025Article
- Article
- Adverse drug events of immune checkpoint inhibitors - a retrospective, descriptive real-world data analysis.BMC cancer · 2025Article
- Increased serum NfL and GFAP levels indicate different subtypes of neurologic immune-related adverse events during treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors.International journal of cancer · 2025Article
- Association of HLA-A*02:01 type with efficacy and toxicity of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in melanoma patients: a retrospective cohort study.BMC cancer · 2025Article
- Case Report: Dupilumab therapy for immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced bullous pemphigoid enables dual immunotherapy initiation in progressive malignant melanoma.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Article
- Elevated FDG uptake in non-tumorous lung regions does not predict immune checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis in lung cancer patients.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Article
- Case Report: The immune architecture of immunotherapy-induced cutaneous sarcoidosis resembles peritumoral inflammation.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Prognostic and predictive value of IDO expression in metastatic melanoma treated with Ipilimumab.PloS one · 2025Article
- [Side effects of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors : Diagnostics and Management-an Update].Innere Medizin (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2024Review
- Review
- Efficacy of adjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitors pembrolizumab or nivolumab in melanoma patients ≥ 75 years: results of a real-world cohort including 456 patients.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2024Article
- Checkpoint inhibitor-induced lichen planus differs from spontaneous lichen planus on the clinical, histological, and gene expression level.JAAD international · 2024Article
- The Association between the Body Mass Index, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and SUV of the Non-Tumorous Lung in the Pretreatment [Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Unleashing the potential of eHealth in outpatient cancer care for patients undergoing immunotherapy-a quantitative study considering patients' needs and current healthcare challenges.Frontiers in digital health · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundTreatment with checkpoint inhibitors such as anti-programmed death-1 (anti-PD-1), anti-PD-ligand 1 (anti-PD-L1), and anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (anti-CTLA-4) antibodies can prolong the survival of cancer patients, but it also induces autoimmune side effects in 86-96% of patients by activating the immune system. In 17-59% of patients, these are severe or even life-threatening.
methodsThis review is based on pertinent articles retrieved by a search in PubMed and on an evaluation of a side-effect registry.
resultsCheckpoint-inhibitor-induced autoimmune side effects manifest themselves in all organ systems, most commonly as skin lesions (46-62%), autoimmune colitis (22-48%), autoimmune hepatitis (7-33%), and endocrinopathies (thyroiditis, hypophysitis, adrenalitis, diabetes mellitus; 12-34%). Rarer side effects include pneumonitis (3-8%), nephritis (1-7%), cardiac side effects including cardiomyositis (5%), and neurological side effects (1-5%). Severe (sometimes lethal) side effects arise in 17-21%, 20-28%, and 59% of patients undergoing anti-PD-1 and anti- CTLA-4 antibody treatment and the approved combination therapy, respectively. With proper monitoring, however, these side effects can be recognized early and, usually, treated with success. Endocrine side effects generally require long-term hormone substitution. Patients who have stopped taking checkpoint inhibitors because of side effects do not show a poorer response of their melanoma or shorter survival in comparison to patients who continue to take checkpoint inhibitors.
conclusionThe complex management of checkpoint-inhibitor-induced side effects should be coordinated in experienced centers. The creation of an interdisciplinary "tox team" with designated experts for organ-specific side effects has proven useful. Prospective registry studies based on structured documentation of side effects in routine clinical practice are currently lacking and urgently needed.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.