ArticleParasites & vectors2019
Tick-borne pathogen detection in midgut and salivary glands of adult Ixodes ricinus.
Article in Parasites & vectors, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 49 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
49 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 75 citations in OpenAlex.
- Global prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum coinfection in wild and domesticated animals: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of global health · 2024Pooled it
- Infection rates, species diversity, and distribution of zoonotic Babesia parasites in ticks: a global systematic review and meta-analysis.Parasitology research · 2022Pooled it
- Adaptation ofmSphere · 2026Article
- Langat Virus Infection Can Be Demonstrated in Both Tick Salivary Glands and Midgut Within 24 Hours of Blood Feeding.Viruses · 2026Article
- Comparative tissue-specific microbiome analyses identify keystone endosymbionts shaping pathogen interactions in dromedary camel ticks.BMC microbiology · 2026Article
- Interaction between tick and host microbiotas: a four-step waltz.Parasites & vectors · 2026Review
- A Deep Learning Approach for Classifying Developmental Stages ofSensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Identification of antimicrobial resistant bacteria isolated fromFrontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
- Deciphering the microbial communities in ticks of Inner Mongolia: ecological determinants and pathogen profiles.Parasites & vectors · 2024Article
- Diversity and Distribution of Bacterial and Parasitic Tick-Borne Pathogens in Armenia, Transcaucasia.Iranian journal of public health · 2024Article
- Article
- Prevalence of Lyme Disease and Relapsing FeverPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Article
- Cytoarchitecture of ex vivo midgut cultures of unfed Ixodes scapularis infected with a tick-borne flavivirus.Ticks and tick-borne diseases · 2024Article
- Article
- Comparative Evaluation of the Efficacy of Two Ectoparasiticides in Preventing the Acquisition ofMicroorganisms · 2024Article
- Temporal dynamics of theCurrent research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases · 2024Article
- Tissue-specific localization of tick-borne pathogens in ticks collected from camels in Kenya: insights into vector competence.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Article
- Pathogenicity and virulence ofVirulence · 2023Review
- Comparison of salivary gland and midgut microbiome in the soft ticksFrontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe tick midgut and salivary glands represent the primary organs for pathogen acquisition and transmission, respectively. Specifically, the midgut is the first organ to have contact with pathogens during the blood meal uptake, while salivary glands along with their secretions play a crucial role in pathogen transmission to the host. Currently there is little data about pathogen composition and prevalence in Ixodes ricinus midgut and salivary glands. The present study investigated the presence of 32 pathogen species in the midgut and salivary glands of unfed I. ricinus males and females using high-throughput microfluidic real-time PCR. Such an approach is important for enriching the knowledge about pathogen distribution in distinct tick organs which should lead to a better understanding I. ricinus-borne disease epidemiology.
resultsBorrelia lusitaniae, Borrelia spielmanii and Borrelia garinii, were detected in both midgut and salivary glands suggesting that the migration of these pathogens between these two organs might not be triggered by the blood meal. In contrast, Borrelia afzelii was detected only in the tick midgut. Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Rickettsia helvetica were the most frequently detected in ticks and were found in both males and females in the midgut and salivary glands. In contrast, Rickettsia felis was only detected in salivary glands. Finally, Borrelia miyamotoi and Babesia venatorum were detected only in males in both midguts and salivary glands. Among all collected ticks, between 10-21% of organs were co-infected. The most common bacterial co-infections in male and female midgut and salivary glands were Rickettsia helvetica + Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Rickettsia helvetica + Borrelia lusitaniae, respectively.
conclusionsAnalysing tick-borne pathogen (TBP) presence in specific tick organs enabled us to (i) highlight contrasting results with well-established transmission mechanism postulates; (ii) venture new hypotheses concerning pathogen location and migration from midgut to salivary glands; and (iii) suggest other potential associations between pathogens not previously detected at the scale of the whole tick. This work highlights the importance of considering all tick scales (i.e. whole ticks vs organs) to study TBP ecology and represents another step towards improved understanding of TBP transmission.
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