Trial reportAnnals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology2019
Prolonged lung cancer screening reduced 10-year mortality in the MILD trial: new confirmation of lung cancer screening efficacy.
Trial report in Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. It is linked to 5 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 245 papers, 12 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Early Lung Cancer Detection With Spiral Computed Tomography (CT), Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Biomarkers: Randomized Trial in High Risk Individuals
Interstitial Lung Abnormalities--Qualitative Imaging Cohort Study in CT Lung Cancer Screening Population
Early Diagnosis of Lung Cancer of the Italian Pulmonary Screening Network (RISP): Comparative Analysis for the Use of Low Dose Computed Tomography and Promotion of Primary Prevention Interventions in Subjects at High Risk for Lung Cancer
Involvement of General Practitioners in Lung Cancer Screening
Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Advanced Lung Cancer Survivors
Who cites it
245 citing papers in PubMed, 12 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Screening for lung cancer: A systematic review of overdiagnosis and its implications.Molecular oncology · 2026Pooled it
- Lung cancer screening with low-dose CT: definition of positive, indeterminate, and negative screen results. A nodule management recommendation from the European Society of Thoracic Imaging.European radiology · 2026Guideline
- An umbrella review of systematic evidence on the Low Dose Computed Tomography (LDCT) for lung cancer screening.Future oncology (London, England) · 2025Pooled it
- LDCT uptake and determinants of lung cancer screening in Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Performance of Lung-RADS in different target populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European radiology · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Lung Cancer Screening With Low-Dose Computed Tomography.Deutsches Arzteblatt international · 2023Pooled it
- The influence of postscreening follow-up time and participant characteristics on estimates of overdiagnosis from lung cancer screening trials.International journal of cancer · 2022Pooled it
- Impact of low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening on lung cancer-related mortality.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2022Pooled it
- Guideline
- Guideline
- Value of a deep learning-based algorithm for detecting Lung-RADS category 4 nodules on chest radiographs in a health checkup population: estimation of the sample size for a randomized controlled trial.European radiology · 2022Trial
- Lung cancer screening primer: Key information for primary care providers.Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien · 2021Trial
- Association of Inclusion of More Black Individuals in Lung Cancer Screening With Reduced Mortality.JAMA network open · 2021Trial
- Long-term efficacy and adherence of a lung cancer screening strategy with extended LDCT intervals: Results from the BioMILD trial.Lung cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2026Article
- Pulmonary nodules: classification, biomarkers, signaling pathways, diseases, early diagnosis and management.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Evaluating Korean Lung-RADS Category 2b: Diagnostic Performance and Interreader Agreement in Lung Cancer Screening.Journal of Korean medical science · 2026Article
- Integrating Deep Learning of Low-Dose CT Imaging With Clinical Data for Lung Cancer Risk Prediction.Chest · 2026Article
- Barriers and facilitators to population-based lung cancer screening in Belgium: a qualitative stakeholder analysis in a pre-implementation context.BMC health services research · 2026Article
185 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe National Lung Screening Trial showed that lung cancer (LC) screening by three annual rounds of low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) reduces LC mortality. We evaluated the benefit of prolonged LDCT screening beyond 5 years, and its impact on overall and LC specific mortality at 10 years.
designThe Multicentric Italian Lung Detection (MILD) trial prospectively randomized 4099 participants, to a screening arm (n = 2376), with further randomization to annual (n = 1190) or biennial (n = 1186) LDCT for a median period of 6 years, or control arm (n = 1723) without intervention. Between 2005 and 2018, 39 293 person-years of follow-up were accumulated. The primary outcomes were 10-year overall and LC specific mortality. Landmark analysis was used to test the long-term effect of LC screening, beyond 5 years by exclusion of LCs and deaths that occurred in the first 5 years.
resultsThe LDCT arm showed a 39% reduced risk of LC mortality at 10 years [hazard ratio (HR) 0.61; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.39-0.95], compared with control arm, and a 20% reduction of overall mortality (HR 0.80; 95% CI 0.62-1.03). LDCT benefit improved beyond the 5th year of screening, with a 58% reduced risk of LC mortality (HR 0.42; 95% CI 0.22-0.79), and 32% reduction of overall mortality (HR 0.68; 95% CI 0.49-0.94).
conclusionsThe MILD trial provides additional evidence that prolonged screening beyond 5 years can enhance the benefit of early detection and achieve a greater overall and LC mortality reduction compared with NLST trial. CLINICALTRIALS.GOV IDENTIFIER: NCT02837809.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.