ReviewJournal of clinical medicine research2019
Adverse Effects of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (Programmed Death-1 Inhibitors and Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated Protein-4 Inhibitors): Results of a Retrospective Study.
Review in Journal of clinical medicine research, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 94 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
94 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 176 citations in OpenAlex.
- Vitiligo-like Lesions as a Predictor of Response to Immunotherapy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Comprehensive Review and Case Series from a University Center.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2024Pooled it
- Comparative cardiotoxicity risk of pembrolizumab versus nivolumab in cancer patients undergoing immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: A meta-analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2023Pooled it
- The efficacy and safety of combined immune checkpoint inhibitors (nivolumab plus ipilimumab): a systematic review and meta-analysis.World journal of surgical oncology · 2020Pooled it
- Associations of Physical Activity and Exercise with Health-related Outcomes in Patients with Melanoma During and After Treatment: A Systematic Review.Integrative cancer therapiesPooled it
- External Validation of Prognostic Models for Nonmetastatic Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma in a Japanese Cohort: Evaluation of Predictive Performance.International journal of urology : official journal of the Japanese Urological Association · 2026Article
- Clinical Characteristics and Risk Factors of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Related Myocarditis: A Real World Observational Study.Clinical cardiology · 2026Observational
- Imaging Immunotherapy.Recent results in cancer research. Fortschritte der Krebsforschung. Progres dans les recherches sur le cancer · 2026Review
- IgG4-related disease with interstitial nephritis in a patient with metastatic melanoma following immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment: a case report.BMC rheumatology · 2025Article
- The Impact of Fecal Diversion on Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Adverse Gastrointestinal Toxicities.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Causal relationships between immune-related adverse events, immune cell characteristics, and plasma metabolites: insights from Mendelian randomization study.Discover oncology · 2025Article
- Article
- Review
- Management of multiorgan failure caused by immune checkpoint inhibitor toxicity.BMJ case reports · 2025Article
- DNA methyltransferase 3A: A prognostic biomarker and potential target for immunotherapy in gastric cancer.Medicine · 2025Article
- Rapamycin enhances CAR-T control of HIV replication and reservoir elimination in vivo.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2025Article
- A Real-World Comparison of the Safety Profile for Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Oncology Patients.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Complex immunotherapy-mediated response patterns depicted on serialAsia Oceania journal of nuclear medicine & biology · 2025Article
- Cancer survivorship in low- and middle-income countries: challenges, needs, and emerging support strategies.Frontiers in public health · 2025Review
- Metastatic Melanoma Treatment and Prophylaxis with S100A9-Targeting Cowpea Mosaic Virus Nanoparticles.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2025Article
- Case Report: Pembrolizumab associated lichen planus in early stage triple negative breast cancer.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Article
34 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In recent years the use of immunomodulating therapy to treat various cancers has been on the rise. Three checkpoint inhibitors have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (ipilimumab, pembrolizumab and nivolumab). The use of these drugs comes with serious adverse events related to excessive immune activation, collectively known as immune-related adverse events (irAEs). We conducted a system-based review of 139 case reports/case series that have described these adverse events between January 2016 and April 2018, found in the PubMed database. There was a broad spectrum of presentations, doses and checkpoint inhibitors used. The most common check point inhibitor observed in our literature review was nivolumab. The most common adverse effects encountered were colitis (14/139), hepatitis (11/139), adrenocorticotropic hormone insufficiency (12/139), hypothyroidism (7/139), type 1 diabetes (22/139), acute kidney injury (16/139) and myocarditis (10/139). The treatment most commonly consisted of cessation of the immune checkpoint inhibitor, initiation of steroids and supportive therapy. This approach provided a complete resolution in a majority of cases; however, there were many that developed long-term adverse events with deaths reported in a few cases. The endocrine system was the mostly commonly affected with the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus or diabetic ketoacidosis being the most frequently reported adverse events. While immunomodulating therapy is a significant advance in the management of various malignancies, it is capable of serious adverse effects. Because the majority of the cases developed pancreatic dysfunction within five cycles of therapy, in addition to the evaluation of other systems, pancreatic function should be closely monitored to minimize adverse impact on patients.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.