ReviewFrontiers in immunology2019
Regulation of Immune Function by the Lymphatic System in Lymphedema.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 55 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
55 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 101 citations in OpenAlex.
- Modulation of tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis by combination immunotherapy approaches in triple-negative breast cancer: a systematic review.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Cell therapy as a treatment of secondary lymphedema: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Stem cell research & therapy · 2021Pooled it
- Intensity matters: high-intensity interval resistance exercise induces greater immune activation than low-intensity resistance exercise 45 min post-workout.European journal of applied physiology · 2026Trial
- Radiation induces senescence in lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) and murine tail lymphedema tissue, contributing to lymphedema progression.Cell death & disease · 2026Article
- Interventions and platforms that direct lymphangiogenesis to restore physiological homeostasis and enhance immunoregulation.NPJ Regenerative medicine · 2026Review
- Lymphatic‑specific magnetic resonance lymphangiography biomarkers for grading lymphedema in animal models.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Cutaneous lymphatics and skin diseases: mechanisms, imaging modalities, and future therapeutic strategies.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Review
- From stasis to systematics: deciphering the pathophysiology of secondary lymphedema through omics.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Article
- AP-1 Is an Initial Convergent Transcriptional Response in Lymphatic Endothelium to VEGF-C or TNFα.Microcirculation (New York, N.Y. : 1994) · 2025Article
- Hypertension: a lymphatic disease?Clinical science (London, England : 1979) · 2025Review
- Interstitial fluid flow in an engineered human lymph node stroma model modulates T cell egress and stromal change.APL bioengineering · 2025Article
- Brain alterations and neurologic disorder progression induced by lymphatic dysfunction in the head and neck region.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2025Article
- Dynamics of Immune Cell Infiltration and Fibroblast-Derived IL-33/ST2 Axis Induction in a Mouse Model of Post-Surgical Lymphedema.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Lymphedema pathogenesis involves antigen-driven expansion of CD4+ T cells in skin.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Tissue engineering approaches for lymphedema: biomaterial innovations and clinical potential.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2025Review
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C (VEGF-C) Sensitizes Lymphatic Endothelial Cells to Oxidative-Stress-Induced Apoptosis through DNA Damage and Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Implications for Lymphedema.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- The Art of Bioimmunogenomics (BIGs) 5.0 in CAR-T Cell Therapy for Lymphoma Management.Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin · 2024Review
- Fifty-five cases of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis combined with lymph node metastasis: A retrospective study.World journal of gastroenterology · 2024Article
- The Role of Inflammation in Lymphedema: A Narrative Review of Pathogenesis and Opportunities for Therapeutic Intervention.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The lymphatic vasculature has traditionally been thought to play a passive role in the regulation of immune responses by transporting antigen presenting cells and soluble antigens to regional lymph nodes. However, more recent studies have shown that lymphatic endothelial cells regulate immune responses more directly by modulating entry of immune cells into lymphatic capillaries, presenting antigens on major histocompatibility complex proteins, and modulating antigen presenting cells. Secondary lymphedema is a disease that develops when the lymphatic system is injured during surgical treatment of cancers or is damaged by infections. We have used mouse models of lymphedema in order to understand the effects of chronic lymphatic injury on immune responses and have shown that lymphedema results in a mixed T helper cell and T regulatory cell (Treg) inflammatory response. Prolonged T helper 2 biased immune responses in lymphedema regulate the pathology of this disease by promoting tissue fibrosis, inhibiting formation of collateral lymphatics, decreasing lymphatic vessel pumping capacity, and increasing lymphatic leakiness. Treg infiltration following lymphatic injury results from proliferation of natural Tregs and suppresses innate and adaptive immune responses. These studies have broad clinical relevance since understanding how lymphatic injury in lymphedema can modulate immune responses may provide a template with which we can study more subtle forms of lymphatic injury that may occur in physiologic conditions such as aging, obesity, metabolic tumors, and in the tumor microenvironment.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.