ArticleOnline journal of public health informatics2018
Data, Information, Evidence, and Knowledge:: A Proposal for Health Informatics and Data Science.
Article in Online journal of public health informatics, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed.
- Data-Driven Infectious Disease Control: Qualitative Study of Professionals' Attitudes, Barriers, and Needs.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Article
- Insights into Functions of Universal Stress Proteins Encoded by Genomes of Gastric Cancer PathogenPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- India's Potential as a Leader in Cancer Care Progress in the Future: A Synthetic Interdisciplinary Perspective.Cureus · 2024Review
- AI and the democratization of knowledge.Scientific data · 2024Article
- Evidence for Decision-Making: The Importance of Systematic Data Collection as an Essential Component of Responsive Feedback.Global health, science and practice · 2023Article
- Review
- Identifying the Current State and Improvement Opportunities in the Information Flows Necessary to Manage Professional Athletes: A Case Study in Rugby Union.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2022Article
- Digitally Optimizing the Information Flows Necessary to Manage Professional Athletes: A Case Study in Rugby Union.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2022Article
- Data-Driven Surveillance: Effective Collection, Integration, and Interpretation of Data to Support Decision Making.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2021Article
- Integrating Datasets on Public Health and Clinical Aspects of Sickle Cell Disease for Effective Community-Based Research and Practice.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Article
- Glossary for public health surveillance in the age of data science.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2020Article
- Knowledge Visualizations to Inform Decision Making for Improving Food Accessibility and Reducing Obesity Rates in the United States.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Beyond the hype of big data and artificial intelligence: building foundations for knowledge and wisdom.BMC medicine · 2019Article
- Research Software vs. Research Data I: Towards a Research Data definition in the Open Science context.F1000ResearchArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In this commentary, I revisit and modify Ackoff's data-information-knowledge-wisdom (DIKW) hierarchy. I suggest to de-emphasize the wisdom part and to insert evidence between information and knowledge (DIEK). This framework defines data as raw symbols, which become information when they are contextualized. Information achieves the status of evidence in comparison to relevant standards. Evidence is used to test hypotheses and is transformed into knowledge by success and consensus. As checkpoints for the transition from evidence to knowledge I suggest relevance, robustness, repeatability, and reproducibility.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.