A closer look at the stoma: multimodal imaging of patients with ileostomies and colostomies.

Nowadays, large numbers of ileostomies and colostomies are created during surgical management of a variety of intestinal disorders. Depending on indication, surgical technique and emergency versus elective conditions, stomas may be either temporary or permanent. As a result, patients with ileostomies and colostomies are commonly encountered in Radiology departments, particularly during perioperative hospitalisation following stoma creation or before recanalisation, and when needing CT or MRI studies for follow-up of operated tumours or chronic inflammatory bowel diseases. However, the stoma site is commonly overlooked on cross-sectional imaging.Aiming to improve radiologists' familiarity with stoma-related issues, this pictorial essay concisely reviews indications and surgical techniques for ileostomies and colostomies, and presents state-of-the art multimodal imaging in patients living with a stoma, including water-soluble contrast stomal enema (WSC-SE), CT and MRI techniques, interpretation and expected findings. Afterwards, the clinical features and imaging appearances of early and late stoma-related complications are illustrated with imaging examples, including diversion colitis.When interpreting cross-sectional imaging studies, focused attention to the stoma site and awareness of expected appearances and of possible complications are required to avoid missing significant changes requiring clinical attention. Additionally, dedicated imaging techniques such as WSC-SE and combined CT plus WSC-SE may be helpful to provide surgeons the appropriate clinical information required to direct management.