ArticleHIV medicine2019
Depression and all-cause mortality risk in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected US veterans: a cohort study.
Article in HIV medicine, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- Respiratory disease in people with major depressive disorder: A systematic review and Meta-analysis.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2025Pooled it
- Clinical Outcomes After Acute Coronary Syndromes or Revascularization Among People Living With HIV: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.JAMA network open · 2024Pooled it
- A Systematic Review of Self-Management Interventions Conducted Across Global Settings for Depressive Symptoms in Persons with HIV.AIDS and behavior · 2023Pooled it
- Global Systematic Review of Common Mental Health Disorders in Adults Living with HIV.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2021Pooled it
- Relationship between depressive symptoms and adherence to direct-acting antivirals: Implications for Hepatitis C treatment among people who inject drugs on medications for opioid use disorder.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2022Trial
- The longitudinal association between depression, anxiety symptoms and HIV outcomes, and the modifying effect of alcohol dependence among ART clients with hazardous alcohol use in Vietnam.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2021Trial
- Article
- Long-term, bidirectional associations between depressive symptom severity and opioid use among people with HIV: A prospective cohort study.Addictive behaviors reports · 2025Article
- All-cause and cause-specific mortality in people with depression: a large-scale systematic review and meta-analysis of relative risk and aggravating or attenuating factors, including antidepressant treatment.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2025Article
- Implementation of collaborative care for depression in VA HIV clinics: Translating Initiatives for Depression into Effective Solutions (HITIDES): protocol for a cluster-randomized type 3 hybrid effectiveness-implementation trial.Implementation science communications · 2024Article
- Longitudinal Analysis of the Relationship Between Internalized HIV Stigma, Perceived Social Support, Resilience, and Depressive Symptoms Among People Living with HIV in China: A Four-Wave Model.AIDS and behavior · 2024Article
- Risk factors for suicide among veterans living with and without HIV: a nested case-control study.AIDS and behavior · 2024Article
- Process evaluation of the HIV+D intervention for integrating the management of depression in routine HIV care in Uganda.PLOS mental health · 2024Article
- Syndemic trajectories of heavy drinking, smoking, and depressive symptoms are associated with mortality in women living with HIV in the United States from 1994 to 2017.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2023Article
- 'She showed me a new path, a way forward': exploring how navigation influences mental health among Guatemalan gay and bisexual men living with HIV.Health promotion international · 2023Article
- Elevated frequency and everyday functioning implications of vascular depression in persons with HIV disease.Journal of psychiatric research · 2023Article
- Treatment Regimens and Care Models for Older Patients Living with HIV: Are We Doing Enough?HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2023Review
- Social support and the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic among a cohort of people living with HIV (PLWH) in Western Kenya.PLOS global public health · 2023Article
- Two decade trends in cardiovascular disease outcomes and cardiovascular risk factors among US veterans living with HIV.International journal of cardiology. Cardiovascular risk and prevention · 2022Article
- Predictors of All-Cause Mortality Among People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in a Prospective Cohort Study in East Africa and Nigeria.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 13 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesThe contribution of depression to mortality in adults with and without HIV infection is unclear. We hypothesized that depression increases mortality risk and that this association is stronger among those with HIV infection.
methodsVeterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS) data were analysed from the first clinic visit on or after 1 April 2003 (baseline) to 30 September 2015. Depression definitions were: (1) major depressive disorder defined using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) codes; (2) depressive symptoms defined as Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9 scores ≥ 10. The outcome was all-cause mortality. Covariates were demographics, comorbid conditions and health behaviours.
resultsAmong 129 140 eligible participants, 30% had HIV infection, 16% had a major depressive disorder diagnosis, and 24% died over a median follow-up time of 11 years. The death rate was 25.3 [95% confidence interval (CI) 25.0-25.6] deaths per 1000 person-years. Major depressive disorder was associated with mortality [hazard ratio (HR) 1.04; 95% CI 1.01, 1.07]. This association was modified by HIV status (interaction P-value = 0.02). In HIV-stratified analyses, depression was significantly associated with mortality among HIV-uninfected veterans but not among those with HIV infection. Among those with PHQ-9 data (n = 7372), 50% had HIV infection, 22% had PHQ-9 scores ≥ 10, and 28% died over a median follow-up time of 12 years. The death rate was 27.3 (95% CI 26.1-28.5) per 1000 person-years. Depressive symptoms were associated with mortality (HR 1.16; 95% CI 1.04, 1.28). This association was modified by HIV status (interaction P-value = 0.05). In HIV-stratified analyses, depressive symptoms were significantly associated with mortality among veterans with HIV infection but not among those without HIV infection.
conclusionsDepression was associated with all-cause mortality. This association was modified by HIV status and method of depression ascertainment.
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