ArticleInternational journal of geriatric psychiatry2019
Type 2 diabetes and later cognitive function in older American Indians: The Strong Heart Study.
Article in International journal of geriatric psychiatry, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk factors and population attributable fraction for dementia in American Indians: The Strong Heart Study.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Epidemiology of Head Injury and Associations with Clinical and Neuropsychological Test Scores in Older American Indians: Data from the Strong Heart Study.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Cognitive impairment and its associated health conditions in American Indian communities.NPJ dementia · 2026Article
- Diabetes and postoperative cognitive dysfunction and delirium in adults: mechanisms, biomarkers, and clinical management.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
- Longitudinal associations of depression and diabetes with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias risk among American Indian and Alaska Native peoples.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2025Article
- Cognitive reserve is associated with education, social determinants, and cognitive outcomes among older American Indians in the Strong Heart Study.Communications psychology · 2025Article
- Mid-life sleep is associated with cognitive performance later in life in aging American Indians: data from the Strong Heart Study.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2024Article
- Intraindividual Cognitive Variability and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Aging American Indians: Data from the Strong Heart Study.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2023Article
- Diagnosis of TCM symptoms and analysis of risk factors of mild cognitive impairment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.American journal of translational research · 2021Article
- The Relation of Diabetes to Memory Function.Current neurology and neuroscience reports · 2020Review
- Glycosylated hemoglobin level, race/ethnicity, and cognition in midlife and early old age.Research in human development · 2020Article
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 8 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesInsulin resistance is a substantial health issue for American Indians, with type 2 diabetes overrepresented in this population as compared with non-Hispanic whites. Insulin resistance and its related conditions in turn increase risk for dementia and cognitive impairment. The aim of the current study was to determine whether type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance at midlife was associated with later-life cognitive testing in a large sample of older American Indians, aged 65 and older.
methodsAmerican Indian participants who underwent both fasting blood draw as part of the Strong Heart Study and had subsequent cognitive testing as part of the later adjunct Cerebrovascular Disease and its Consequences in American Indians study were included (n = 790). Regression models examined type 2 diabetes and impaired fasting glucose and subsequent cognitive test performance as part of a longitudinal study design. The relationship between a continuous measure of insulin resistance and later cognitive test performance was assessed using generalized estimating equations.
resultsControlling for demographic and clinical factors, verbal fluency and processing speed/working memory were significantly negatively associated with having type 2 diabetes and with insulin resistance, but not with impaired fasting glucose.
conclusionIn this sample of American Indians, type 2 diabetes at midlife was associated with subsequent lower performance on measures of executive function. These results may have important implications for future implementation of diagnostic and intervention services in this population.
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