ReviewCirculation research2019
Treatment of Resistant and Refractory Hypertension.
Review in Circulation research, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06450327 (Resistant Hypertension An Open, Complicated), which is not on this map. Cited by 102 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Resistant Hypertension An Open, Complicated ("Cum Plicare") or Complex ("Cum Plexus")
Who cites it
102 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Efficacy and Safety of Aldosterone Synthase Inhibitors for Resistant Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Reviews in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Efficacy and Safety of Chlortalidone and Hydrochlorothiazide in Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases.Reviews in cardiovascular medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Association between obstructive sleep apnea and resistant hypertension: systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Refractory Hypertension: a Narrative Systematic Review with Emphasis on Prognosis.Current hypertension reports · 2022Pooled it
- Effect of Renal Denervation for the Management of Heart Rate in Patients With Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Apparent versus true resistant hypertension in a real-world argentine cohort.Journal of human hypertension · 2026Article
- Aldosterone Synthase Inhibitors: Emerging Therapeutic Strategies in Resistant Hypertension.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Pannexin 1 phosphorylation sites differentially modulate channel activity and physiological outcomes.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Prevalence and factors associated with controlled blood pressure among hypertensive patients in a Malaysian primary health clinic-a cross-sectional study.BMC primary care · 2026Article
- The effect of electrical stimulation of the upper airway dilator muscles on blood pressure in healthy volunteers and patients with obstructive sleep apnoea: a systematic review and meta-analysis.ERJ open research · 2026Article
- Current Management of Resistant Hypertension in Patients with Intracerebral Hemorrhage.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Highlights of the 2026 Korean Society of Hypertension guidelines for the management of hypertension: what's new and what has changed.Clinical hypertension · 2026Review
- The Japanese Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the management of elevated blood pressure and hypertension 2025 (JSH2025).Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2026Article
- Synergistic Effects of Compound Dendrobium Candidum and Antihypertensive Medications on Refractory Hypertension in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats.Cardiology research and practice · 2026Article
- Gut microbiota as a driver of variable antihypertensive drug response: A narrative review.Gut microbes reports · 2026Article
- 2024 Thai guidelines on the treatment of hypertension.Asian biomedicine : research, reviews and news · 2025Article
- Pannexins in the vasculature.American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology · 2025Review
- Targeting Histamine H4 Receptor in the Rostral Ventromedial Medulla to Relieve Hypertension.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Review
- Novel pharmacological approaches to lowering blood pressure and managing hypertension.Nature reviews. Cardiology · 2025Review
42 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Resistant hypertension (RHTN) is defined as uncontrolled blood pressure despite the use of ≥3 antihypertensive agents of different classes, including a diuretic, usually thiazide-like, a long-acting calcium channel blocker, and a blocker of the renin- angiotensin system, either an ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitor or an ARB (angiotensin receptor blocker), at maximal or maximally tolerated doses. Antihypertensive medication nonadherence and the white coat effect, defined as elevated blood pressure when measured in clinic but controlled when measured outside of clinic, must be excluded to make the diagnosis. RHTN is a high-risk phenotype, leading to increased all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease outcomes. Healthy lifestyle habits are associated with reduced cardiovascular risk in patients with RHTN. Aldosterone excess is common in patients with RHTN, and addition of spironolactone or amiloride to the standard 3-drug antihypertensive regimen is effective at getting the blood pressure to goal in most of these patients. Refractory hypertension is defined as uncontrolled blood pressure despite use of ≥5 antihypertensive agents of different classes, including a long-acting thiazide-like diuretic and an MR (mineralocorticoid receptor) antagonist, at maximal or maximally tolerated doses. Fluid retention, mediated largely by aldosterone excess, is the predominant mechanism underlying RHTN, while patients with refractory hypertension typically exhibit increased sympathetic nervous system activity.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.