ReviewInternational journal of environmental research and public health2019
Fluoride Exposure Induces Inhibition of Sodium/Iodide Symporter (NIS) Contributing to Impaired Iodine Absorption and Iodine Deficiency: Molecular Mechanisms of Inhibition and Implications for Public Health.
Review in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 63 citations in OpenAlex.
- Maternal bisphenols exposure and thyroid function in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Pooled it
- Is there any association between fluoride exposure and thyroid function modulation? A systematic review.PloS one · 2024Pooled it
- Interference on Iodine Uptake and Human Thyroid Function by Perchlorate-Contaminated Water and Food.Nutrients · 2020Pooled it
- Effects of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances on maternal thyroid function: a stratified analysis by maternal iodine status and thyroid autoantibody status.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Article
- Receptor-mediated endocytosis by Megalin: Exploring its role in ligand interaction and disease mechanisms.Genes & diseases · 2026Review
- Exploring the Impacts of Fluoride-Induced Thyroid Toxicity: A Comprehensive Review.Biological trace element research · 2026Review
- Iodine and Thyroid Dysfunction in Ageing: Nutritional, Pharmacologic, and Microbial Modifiers in Older Adults.Geriatrics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Risk Assessment of Dietary Exposure to Fluoride from Follow-On Milk Consumption.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Hypoxia Inhibitor Improves Iodine Uptake Disorder in Thyroid Cancer Through the hsa_circ_0023990/miR-448/DNMT1/NIS Axis.Cancer science · 2025Article
- Updated consumer risk assessment of fluoride in food and drinking water including the contribution from other sources of oral exposure.EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2025Article
- How the public's knowledge, attitudes, and practice intersect with scientific evidence about fluoride.Current problems in pediatric and adolescent health care · 2025Article
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- Effects of high fluoride and iodine combined exposure on thyroid nodules and goiter in school-age children in Jiangsu, China.Heliyon · 2024Article
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- Fluoride promotes the secretion of inflammatory factors in microglia through NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD pathway.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2024Article
- Fluoride exposure and thyroid hormone levels in pregnancy: The MIREC cohort.Environment international · 2024Article
- Expression of SDF-1/CXCR4 and related inflammatory factors in sodium fluoride-treated hepatocytes.PloS one · 2024Article
- Exogenous Melatonin Protects against Oxidative Damage to Membrane Lipids Caused by Some Sodium/Iodide Symporter Inhibitors in the Thyroid.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Fluoride exposure and hypothyroidism in a Canadian pregnancy cohort.The Science of the total environment · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The sodium iodide symporter (NIS) is the plasma membrane glycoprotein that mediates active iodide transport in the thyroid and other tissues, such as the salivary, gastric mucosa, rectal mucosa, bronchial mucosa, placenta and mammary glands. In the thyroid, NIS mediates the uptake and accumulation of iodine and its activity is crucial for the development of the central nervous system and disease prevention. Since the discovery of NIS in 1996, research has further shown that NIS functionality and iodine transport is dependent on the activity of the sodium potassium activated adenosine 5'-triphosphatase pump (Na+, K+-ATPase). In this article, I review the molecular mechanisms by which F inhibits NIS expression and functionality which in turn contributes to impaired iodide absorption, diminished iodide-concentrating ability and iodine deficiency disorders. I discuss how NIS expression and activity is inhibited by thyroglobulin (Tg), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and how fluoride upregulates expression and activity of these biomarkers. I further describe the crucial role of prolactin and megalin in regulation of NIS expression and iodine homeostasis and the effect of fluoride in down regulating prolactin and megalin expression. Among many other issues, I discuss the potential conflict between public health policies such as water fluoridation and its contribution to iodine deficiency, neurodevelopmental and pathological disorders. Further studies are warranted to examine these associations.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.