ArticlePloS one2019
Demographic risk factors for extra-pulmonary tuberculosis among adolescents and adults in Saudi Arabia.
Article in PloS one, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparison of the treatment outcomes and identification of the risk factors associated with unfavorable outcomes among extra pulmonary and pulmonary tuberculosis patients under NTEP.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Pulmonary versus extrapulmonary tuberculosis among diagnosed tuberculosis cases in Bangladesh: Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of clinical tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases · 2026Review
- Host- and pathogen-related determinants of pulmonaryEuropean respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2026Review
- Extrapulmonary tuberculosis in The Netherlands, an epidemiologic overview, 1993-2022.Journal of clinical tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases · 2025Article
- Epidemiology of latent tuberculosis and associated risk factors in Al-Madinah, Saudi Arabia: A hospital-based cross-sectional study.Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences · 2025Article
- Tuberculosis in transit: risk factors in Tanzania's high-mobility border regions.The Pan African medical journal · 2025Article
- Dynamic Challenges of Active Tuberculosis: Prevalence and Risk Factors of Co-Infection in Clinical and Microbiological Characteristics at King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.International journal of general medicine · 2025Article
- Better understanding extrapulmonary tuberculosis: A scoping review of public health impact in Pakistan, Afghanistan, India, and Bangladesh.Health science reports · 2023Article
- Real time endobronchial ultrasound transbronchial needle aspiration for the diagnosis of tuberculous intrathoracic lymphadenopathy: Saudi Arabian Western region experience.Saudi medical journal · 2023Article
- Tuberculosis epidemiological trend in Sousse, Tunisia during twenty years (2000-2019).The Libyan journal of medicine · 2022Article
- Rifampin resistance among individuals with extrapulmonary tuberculosis: 4 years of experience from a reference laboratory.New microbes and new infections · 2021Article
- Lifestyle Risk Factors Associated with Tuberculosis Patients in Asir Region of Saudi Arabia.International journal of preventive medicine · 2021Article
- Performance Comparison of GeneXpert MTB/RIF and ProbeTec ET Tests for Rapid Molecular Diagnosis of Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis in a Low TB/MDR-TB Incidence Country.Medical principles and practice : international journal of the Kuwait University, Health Science Centre · 2021Article
- A retrospective study of tuberculosis prevalence amongst patients attending a tertiary hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.Journal of clinical tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases · 2020Article
- Article
- Factors associated with extrapulmonary tuberculosis in comparison to pulmonary tuberculosis in patients with and without HIV in Bogotá, Colombia: an observational study.Therapeutic advances in infectious diseaseArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Despite low infectious potential of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB), it poses significant clinical challenges in terms of diagnosis and treatment monitoring. Understanding the main demographical risk factors for disease characteristics of EPTB plays a crucial role in speeding up diagnosis process and improving overall clinical experience. The aim of this study was to investigate the main demographical and clinical risk factors for EPTB among adults and adolescents for the first time in Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional multicenter study was carried out on a collection of 902 extrapulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) isolates with demographical and clinical data. All isolates were subjected to spoligotyping and 24-loci based MIRU-VNTR typing. The association between two potential variables was assessed using odd ratios (OR) calculations. Independent risk factors for EPTB and diseases characteristics of EPTB were identified using multivariate regression model analyses. Gender was found to be significantly associated with lymph node, gastrointestinal, central nervous system and urogenital TB. Lymph node TB showed statistical association to age group below 25 years, non-Saudis and South East Asian ethnicity. While gastrointestinal TB demonstrated an association with patients above 60 years old, and Saudis. Multivariate analysis showed that gender is an independent risk factor to urogenital TB (p 0.03) and lymph node TB (p 0.005). On the other hands, South Asian (p 0.01) and South East Asian (p 0.03) ethnicities were both identified as independent risk factors significantly associated with EPTB. MTBC lineages, site of infections, gender, HIV and smear positivity showed no significant association. Nationwide qualitative-studies are highly warranted in the future to further understand the main demographic risk factors for disease characteristics of EPTB.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.