SynthesisMaternal and child health journal2019
Birth-Related Perineal Trauma in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Maternal and child health journal, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04431102 (The Effects of the Pilates Method on Pelvic Floor Injuries During Pregnancy and Childbirth), which is not on this map. Cited by 20 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Effects of the Pilates Method on Pelvic Floor Injuries During Pregnancy and Childbirth: A Quasi-experimental Study
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 56 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of Episiotomy Practice and Associated Factors in Brazil: A Systematic Review.Birth (Berkeley, Calif.) · 2026Pooled it
- Patient-reported outcomes and outcome measures in childbirth perineal trauma research: a systematic review.International urogynecology journal · 2021Pooled it
- Local cooling for relieving pain from perineal trauma sustained during childbirth.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2020Pooled it
- Clinical equivalence of Trusynth fastF1000Research · 2022Trial
- IUGA International Guidelines on Obstetric Anal Sphincter Injuries.International urogynecology journal · 2026Article
- Article
- High-rebound sponge as a simulation tool for perineal suture.Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien · 2025Article
- Association between pro-inflammatory diet and fecal incontinence: a large population-based study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Study on the Relationship Between Postpartum Birth Trauma Symptoms and the Gap in Social Support Expectations at 42 Days Postpartum.International journal of women's health · 2025Article
- Antenatal Anovaginal Distance, a Potential Indicator of Perineal Damage during Pregnancy.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Effects of Perineal Warm Compresses during the Second Stage of Labor on Reducing Perineal Trauma and Relieving Postpartum Perineal Pain in Primiparous Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Prevalence and factors associated with the perception of perineal laceration: a cross-sectional study with data from the Nascer no Brasil Survey, 2011 and 2012.Epidemiologia e servicos de saude : revista do Sistema Unico de Saude do Brasil · 2024Article
- Risk factors associated with severe perineal tear at Public Hospitals in Bahir Dar town, Northwest Ethiopia.SAGE open medicine · 2024Article
- Risk of obstetric anal sphincter injury associated with female genital mutilation/cutting and timing of deinfibulation.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2022Article
- Faecal incontinence in adults.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2022Review
- Article
- Episiotomy practice and associated factors among mothers who gave birth at public health facilities in Metema district, northwest Ethiopia.Reproductive health · 2021Article
- The Effects of the Pilates Method on Pelvic Floor Injuries during Pregnancy and Childbirth: A Quasi-Experimental Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Body mass index in early-pregnancy and selected maternal health outcomes: Findings from two cohorts in Bangladesh.Journal of global health · 2020Article
- Review of available national guidelines for obstetric anal sphincter injury.International urogynecology journal · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction Birth-related perineal trauma (BPT) is a common consequence of vaginal births. When poorly managed, BPT can result in increased morbidity and mortality due to infections, haemorrhage, and incontinence. This review aims to collect data on rates of BPT in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods The following databases were searched: Medline, Embase, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACs), and the World Health Organization (WHO) regional databases, from 2004 to 2016. Cross-sectional data on the proportion of vaginal births that resulted in episiotomy, second degree tears or obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASI) were extracted from studies carried out in LMICs by two independent reviewers. Estimates were meta-analysed using a random effects model; results were presented by type of BPT, parity, and mode of birth. Results Of the 1182 citations reviewed, 74 studies providing data on 334,054 births in 41 countries were included. Five studies reported outcomes of births in the community. In LMICs, the overall rates of BPT were 46% (95% CI 36-55%), 24% (95% CI 17-32%), and 1.4% (95% CI 1.2-1.7%) for episiotomies, second degree tears, and OASI, respectively. Studies were highly heterogeneous with respect to study design and population. The overall reporting quality was inadequate. Discussion Compared to high-income settings, episiotomy rates are high in LMIC medical facilities. There is an urgent need to improve reporting of BPT in LMICs particularly with regards to births taking in community settings.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.