ArticlePathogens and disease2019
Sex differences in cytokine production following West Nile virus infection: Implications for symptom manifestation.
Article in Pathogens and disease, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Patterns and characteristics of cranial nerve neuropathy in West Nile virus infection: a systematic review of cases reported globally.BMJ open · 2025Pooled it
- How new approach methods are reshaping virology research.Journal of virology · 2026Review
- Viral etiology of adult encephalitis in Egypt: the role of West Nile Virus.BMC microbiology · 2026Article
- Sex differences in immune responses to viruses, bacteria and vaccines.Nature immunology · 2026Review
- Cellular Immune Response in Horses After West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Proinflammatory Chemokine Levels in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Neuroinvasive Flavivirus Infections.Microorganisms · 2024Article
- Interleukins, Chemokines, and Tumor Necrosis Factor Superfamily Ligands in the Pathogenesis of West Nile Virus Infection.Viruses · 2023Review
- Article
- Sexual dimorphism in COVID-19: potential clinical and public health implications.The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology · 2022Review
- Severe West Nile Virus Neuroinvasive Disease: Clinical Characteristics, Short- and Long-Term Outcomes.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Disruption of type I interferon signaling causes sexually dimorphic dysregulation of anti-viral cytokines.Cytokine: X · 2021Article
- Antiviral Cytokine Response in Neuroinvasive and Non-Neuroinvasive West Nile Virus Infection.Viruses · 2021Article
- Long-term, West Nile virus-induced neurological changes: A comparison of patients and rodent models.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) infection outcomes vary among individuals, with most infections resulting in asymptomatic or mild flu-like symptoms. We previously reported an association between early cytokine production and symptom outcome following WNV infection in US blood donors. In this meta-analysis, we found that WNV-infected females reported more symptoms than WNV-infected males, despite similar initial viremia and type I interferon responses. As the infection progressed, males exhibited a protracted cytokine response-marked by sustained CCL2 (MCP-1), CCL11 (eotaxin-1), CXCL10 (IP-10) and IL-15-that was absent in females. Our results suggest that sex differences may be a factor in sustaining WNV immunity.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.