ArticleJournal of immunology research2019
The Association of Olfactory Dysfunction, Frailty, and Mortality Is Mediated by Inflammation: Results from the InCHIANTI Study.
Article in Journal of immunology research, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 35 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Correlation of Preoperative Olfactory Identification Function With Preoperative Frailty and With Postoperative Complications and Mortality Following Elective Surgery
Correlation of Preoperative Global Olfactory Function With Frailty, Preoperative Cognitive Status, Postoperative Neurocognitive Disorders and Mortality Following Elective Surgery
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Olfactory dysfunction and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of global health · 2026Pooled it
- Association of Olfactory Impairment With All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA otolaryngology-- head & neck surgery · 2022Pooled it
- The association between olfactory dysfunction and cardiovascular disease and its risk factors in middle-aged and older adults.Scientific reports · 2021Trial
- The Need to Promote Olfactory Health in Public Health Agendas Across the Globe.Clinical otolaryngology : official journal of ENT-UK ; official journal of Netherlands Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology & Cervico-Facial Surgery · 2026Review
- Moving Beyond Odor Identification: Defining Olfactory Subdomain Cutoffs in Frailty Risk Assessment.International forum of allergy & rhinology · 2025Article
- Associations Between Inflammation and Multisensory Impairment Among Older Adults.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2025Article
- Longitudinal Association of Olfactory Function with Frailty in Older Adults: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2025Article
- Visual impairment and frailty: insights from genetic correlation and Mendelian randomization.Archives of medical science : AMS · 2025Article
- Association between perceived olfactory dysfunction and all-cause mortality in Chinese adults: A prospective community-based study.Journal of global health · 2024Article
- Olfactory decline develops in parallel with frailty in older US adults with obstructive lung diseases.International forum of allergy & rhinology · 2024Article
- Inflammation and olfactory loss are associated with at least 139 medical conditions.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2024Article
- A double-blinded randomised controlled trial of vitamin A drops to treat post-viral olfactory loss: study protocol for a proof-of-concept study for vitamin A nasal drops in post-viral olfactory loss (APOLLO).Pilot and feasibility studies · 2023Article
- Potential Role for Diet in Mediating the Association of Olfactory Dysfunction and Cognitive Decline: A Nationally Representative Study.Nutrients · 2023Article
- The Association of Peripheral and Central Olfaction With Frailty in Older Adults.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2023Article
- Transitions Between Mild Cognitive Impairment, Dementia, and Mortality: The Importance of Olfaction.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2023Article
- Assessment of COVID-19-related olfactory dysfunction and its association with psychological, neuropsychiatric, and cognitive symptoms.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2023Review
- Bidirectional association between visual impairment and frailty among community-dwelling older adults: a longitudinal study.BMC geriatrics · 2022Article
- Olfaction and Physical Functioning in Older Adults: A Longitudinal Study.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2022Article
- Exploring Shared Effects of Multisensory Impairment, Physical Dysfunction, and Cognitive Impairment on Physical Activity: An Observational Study in a National Sample.Journal of aging and physical activity · 2022Observational
- International consensus statement on allergy and rhinology: Olfaction.International forum of allergy & rhinology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundOlfactory dysfunction might unveil the association between ageing and frailty, as it is associated with declining cognitive function, depression, reduced physical performance, reduced dietary intake, and mortality; all these conditions are characterized by increased levels of inflammatory parameters. The present study is aimed at evaluating the association between olfactory dysfunction, frailty, and mortality and whether such association might be mediated by inflammation.
methodsWe analysed data of 1035 participants aged 65+ enrolled in the "InCHIANTI" study. Olfactory function was tested by the recognition of the smells of coffee, mint, and air. Olfactory dysfunction was defined as lack of recognition of at least two smells. Considering the items "shrinking," "exhaustion," "sedentariness," "slowness," and "weakness" included in the Fried definition, frailty was defined as the presence of at least three criteria, prefrailty of one or two, and robustness of none. Serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) was measured in duplicate by high-sensitivity enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Logistic regression was adopted to assess the association of frailty with olfactory function, as well as with the increasing number of olfactory deficits. Cox regression was used to test the association between olfactory dysfunction and 9-year survival.
resultsOlfactory dysfunction was associated with frailty, after adjusting (OR 1.94, 95% CI = 1.07-3.51;
conclusionsImpairment of olfactory function might represent a marker of frailty, prefrailty, and consequently reduced survival in an advanced age. Inflammation might represent the possible link between these conditions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.