ArticleScientific reports2019
Membrane insertion and secretion of the Engrailed-2 (EN2) transcription factor by prostate cancer cells may induce antiviral activity in the stroma.
Article in Scientific reports, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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12 citing papers in PubMed, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- KMT2D temporally activates neuronal transcriptional factor genes to mediate cerebellar granule cell differentiation.Science advances · 2025Article
- Pharmacological inhibition of tyrosine protein-kinase 2 reduces islet inflammation and delays type 1 diabetes onset in mice.EBioMedicine · 2025Article
- Engrailed-2 (EN2) protein in cervical mucus: a novel biomarker for endometrial carcinoma.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2025Article
- Pharmacological inhibition of tyrosine protein-kinase 2 reduces islet inflammation and delays type 1 diabetes onset in mice.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Mechanistic insights into super-enhancer-driven genes as prognostic signatures in patients with glioblastoma.Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology · 2023Article
- Imaginal disk growth factors are Drosophila chitinase-like proteins with roles in morphogenesis and CO2 response.Genetics · 2023Article
- EN1 Regulates Cell Growth and Proliferation in Human Glioma Cells via Hedgehog Signaling.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Article
- Altered staining patterns and expression level of Engrailed-2 in benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate Cancer predict prostatic disease progression.BMC cancer · 2020Observational
- Evolution, role in inflammation, and redox control of leaderless secretory proteins.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2020Review
- MX 2 is a novel regulator of cell cycle in melanoma cells.Pigment cell & melanoma research · 2020Article
- A Specific Blood Signature Reveals Higher Levels of S100A12: A Potential Bladder Cancer Diagnostic Biomarker Along With Urinary Engrailed-2 Protein Detection.Frontiers in oncology · 2019Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Engrailed-2 (EN2) is a homeodomain-containing transcription factor that has roles in boundary formation and neural guidance in early development, but which is also expressed in a range of cancers. In addition to transcriptional regulation, it is secreted by cells and taken up by others through a mechanism that is yet to be fully elucidated. In this study, the distribution of EN2 protein in cells was evaluated using immunofluorescence with a set of antibodies raised against overlapping epitopes across the protein, and through the use of an EN2-GFP construct. MX2 expression in primary prostate tumors was evaluated using immunohistochemistry. We showed that EN2 protein is present in the cell membrane and within microvesicles that can be secreted from the cell and taken up by others. When taken up by normal cells from the stroma EN2 induces the expression of MX2 (MxB), a protein that has a key role in the innate immune response to viruses. Our findings indicate that EN2 secretion by tumors may be a means of preventing viral-mediated immune invasion of tissue immediately adjacent to the tumor.
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