Dynamic Dystroglycan Complexes Mediate Cell Entry of Lassa Virus.

Recognition of functional receptors by viruses is a key determinant for their host range, tissue tropism, and disease potential. The highly pathogenic Lassa virus (LASV) currently represents one of the most important emerging pathogens. The major cellular receptor for LASV in human cells is the ubiquitously expressed and evolutionary highly conserved extracellular matrix receptor dystroglycan (DG). In the host, DG interacts with many cellular proteins in a tissue-specific manner. The resulting distinct supramolecular complexes likely represent the functional units for viral entry, and preexisting protein-protein interactions may critically influence DG's function in productive viral entry. Using an unbiased shotgun proteomic approach, we define the largely unknown molecular composition of DG complexes present in highly susceptible epithelial cells that represent important targets for LASV during viral transmission. We further show that the specific composition of cellular DG complexes can affect DG's function in receptor-mediated endocytosis of the virus. Under steady-state conditions, epithelial DG complexes underwent rapid turnover via an endocytic pathway that shared some characteristics with DG-mediated LASV entry. However, compared to steady-state uptake of DG, LASV entry via DG occurred faster and critically depended on additional signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases and the downstream effector p21-activating kinase. In sum, we show that the specific molecular composition of DG complexes in susceptible cells is a determinant for productive virus entry and that the pathogen can manipulate the existing DG-linked endocytic pathway. This highlights another level of complexity of virus-receptor interaction and provides possible cellular targets for therapeutic antiviral intervention.