ArticlePloS one2019
Towards population screening for Cerebral Visual Impairment: Validity of the Five Questions and the CVI Questionnaire.
Article in PloS one, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 66 citations in OpenAlex.
- Clinical assessment, investigation, diagnosis and initial management of cerebral visual impairment: a consensus practice guide.Eye (London, England) · 2023Guideline
- Cerebral/Cortical Visual Impairment in Primary Care: Extending the Evidence to Family Medicine.Cureus · 2026Article
- Cortical/cerebral visual impairment: Assessment to intervention.Indian journal of ophthalmology · 2026Review
- The Education, Screening, and Referral Practices of Pediatricians Surrounding Cerebral/Cortical Visual Impairment.Cureus · 2026Article
- Vision In SyndrOmic Neurodevelopmental disorders-15q (VISiON-15q) study: eye tracking to supplement clinical examination for detection of cerebral/cortical visual impairment in children with Angelman and Duplication of 15q Syndromes.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2026Article
- An adaptation and reliability study of the Flemish CVI Questionnaire for the screening of cerebral visual impairment in preschool-age children with cerebral palsy.The British journal of occupational therapy · 2025Article
- Closing in on a Consensus in Identifying, Assessing and Diagnosing Children With Cerebral Visual Impairment.Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) · 2025Review
- A school-based intervention to improve mental health outcomes for children with cerebral visual impairment (CVI): feasibility cluster randomised trial.Pilot and feasibility studies · 2025Article
- Neural micro and macrostructural correlates of visual outcomes in children with unilateral cerebral palsy: A fixel-based study.Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025Article
- Testing the Hard to Test: A Pilot Study Examining the Role of Questionnaires in Eliciting Visual Behaviours in Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2024Article
- Hiding in plain sight: children with visual perceptual difficulties in schools.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2024Review
- Spectrum of Visual Dysfunction Detected by a Novel Testing Protocol Within a Special School Eye Care Service.The British and Irish orthoptic journal · 2024Article
- Rasch analysis and targeting assessment of the teach-CVI survey tool in a cohort of CVI patients.Frontiers in ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Relationship between Sensory Processing Skills and Feeding Behaviors in Children Aged 3-6 Years with Cerebral Palsy with Cerebral Visual Impairment.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Deficits in Face Recognition and Consequent Quality-of-Life Factors in Individuals with Cerebral Visual Impairment.Vision (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Validation of the Austin Assessment: A screening tool for cerebral visual impairment related visual issues.PloS one · 2023Article
- A Scoping Review of Intervention for Pediatric Cerebral Visual Impairment: Calling All Pediatric Occupational Therapists.Occupational therapy in health care · 2023Article
- Visual Function and Neuropsychological Profile in Children with Cerebral Visual Impairment.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- The Multidisciplinary Guidelines for Diagnosis and Referral in Cerebral Visual Impairment.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2022Article
- Motion Processing Deficits in Children With Cerebral Visual Impairment and Good Visual Acuity.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionCerebral Visual Impairment (CVI) is the most common cause of visual impairment in children in the developed world and appears to be more prevalent in children with additional support needs (ASN). There is an urgent need for routine screening for CVI, particularly in children with ASN, however, current screening questionnaires for CVI have limited validation. The aim of this study was to evaluate two screening tools: the Five Questions and the CVI Questionnaire. Additionally, the distribution of CVI across neurodevelopmental disorders is unknown. This too was investigated.
methodsAn online survey was completed by 535 parents. The survey was advertised via social media, CVI websites and parent email systems of four schools. The survey comprised of the Five Questions, the CVI Questionnaire and additional questions regarding the child's diagnoses. Whether or not a child had a diagnosis of CVI and/or additional neurodevelopmental disorders was based on parental report.
resultsBased on parent reports, both the screening tools accurately screened for CVI diagnoses in children. The Five Questions and the CVI Questionnaire have construct validity (as determined through factor analysis), high internal consistency (as determined by Cronbach's alpha) and convergent validity (as determined by correlation analysis of the raw scores of each questionnaire). This study also highlights that among children with neurodevelopmental disorders, a large proportion have parent-reported CVI (23%-39%) and potential CVI (6.59-22.53%; as identified by the questionnaires).
conclusionThe current study demonstrates that the Five Questions and CVI Questionnaire have good convergent validity, internal consistency and a reliable factor structure and may therefore be suitable as screening tools. The study also highlights that reported or potential CVI is evident in a large proportion of children with neurodevelopmental disorders.
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