ArticlePhysiological reports2019
Physiological stress markers during breath-hold diving and SCUBA diving.
Article in Physiological reports, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed.
- Wearable Technology in Diving: A Review of Heart Rate and Oxygen Saturation Monitoring for Enhanced Safety and Performance.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Persistent Impairment of Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in an Ice Swimming Champion.Journal of medical cases · 2025Article
- Physical and metabolic requirements of elite military divers.Frontiers in physiology · 2025Article
- Effects of recreational SCUBA diving practiced once a week on neurohormonal response and myokines-mediated communication between muscles and the brain.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2023Article
- Serum Amino Acid Profile Changes After Repetitive Breath-Hold Dives: A Preliminary Study.Sports medicine - open · 2022Article
- Prolonged Extreme Cold Water Diving and the Acute Stress Response During Military Dive Training.Frontiers in physiology · 2022Article
- Serum Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle Marker Changes in Repetitive Breath-hold Diving.Sports medicine - open · 2021Article
- Physiology, pathophysiology and (mal)adaptations to chronic apnoeic training: a state-of-the-art review.European journal of applied physiology · 2021Review
- Maternal Serum VEGF Predicts Abnormally Invasive Placenta Better than NT-proBNP: a Multicenter Case-Control Study.Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) · 2021Article
- Human Physiological Responses to a Single Deep Helium-Oxygen Diving.Frontiers in physiology · 2021Article
- Breath-Hold Diving - The Physiology of Diving Deep and Returning.Frontiers in physiology · 2021Review
- Effect of Apnea-Induced Hypoxia on Cardiovascular Adaptation and Circulating Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Elite Breath-Hold Divers.Frontiers in physiology · 2021Article
- Blood Adenosine Increase During Apnea in Spearfishermen Reinforces the Efficiency of the Cardiovascular Component of the Diving Reflex.Frontiers in physiology · 2021Article
- Hematologic changes after short term hypoxia in non-elite apnea divers under voluntary dry apnea conditions.PloS one · 2020Observational
- Physiological stress markers during breath-hold diving and SCUBA diving.Physiological reports · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This study investigated the sources of physiological stress in diving by comparing SCUBA dives (stressors: hydrostatic pressure, cold, and hyperoxia), apneic dives (hydrostatic pressure, cold, physical activity, hypoxia), and dry static apnea (hypoxia only). We hypothesized that despite the hypoxia induces by a long static apnea, it would be less stressful than SCUBA dive or apneic dives since the latter combined high pressure, physical activity, and cold exposure. Blood samples were collected from 12SCUBA and 12 apnea divers before and after dives. On a different occasion, samples were collected from the apneic group before and after a maximal static dry apnea. We measured changes in levels of the stress hormones cortisol and copeptin in each situation. To identify localized effects of the stress, we measured levels of the cardiac injury markers troponin (cTnI) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), the muscular stress markers myoglobin and lactate), and the hypoxemia marker ischemia-modified albumin (IMA). Copeptin, cortisol, and IMA levels increased for the apneic dive and the static dry apnea, whereas they decreased for the SCUBA dive. Troponin, BNP, and myoglobin levels increased for the apneic dive, but were unchanged for the SCUBA dive and the static dry apnea. We conclude that hypoxia induced by apnea is the dominant trigger for the release of stress hormones and cardiac injury markers, whereas cold or and hyperbaric exposures play a minor role. These results indicate that subjects should be screened carefully for pre-existing cardiac diseases before undertaking significant apneic maneuvers.
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