ReviewSports medicine - open2019
Alternative Methods of Determining Hamstrings-to-Quadriceps Ratios: a Comprehensive Review.
Review in Sports medicine - open, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Effects of neuromuscular warm-up on athletes' change-of-direction performance and knee isokinetic muscle strength: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Pooled it
- Is hamstrings-to-quadriceps torque ratio useful for predicting anterior cruciate ligament and hamstring injuries? A systematic and critical review.Journal of sport and health science · 2023Pooled it
- Exercise-Based Training Strategies to Reduce the Incidence or Mitigate the Risk Factors of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury in Adult Football (Soccer) Players: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Pooled it
- Angle-Matched Isometric and Isokinetic Hamstring-to-Quadriceps Ratios Are Not Directly Interchangeable: An Exploratory Multi-Angle Dynamometry Study.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Muscular profiles of adolescent female soccer players: a cross-sectional comparison of hamstring-to-quadriceps and vastus medialis-to-vastus lateralis characteristics.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2026Article
- Co-Contraction Training Induces Muscle Hypertrophy but Not Strength Gains in Older Adults: A Controlled Intervention Study.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Wearable sensor assessment of neuromuscular latency: revealing the strength-timing trade-off in female soccer.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2026Article
- Relationship between knee isokinetic muscle strength and countermovement jump performance in elite male football players.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2026Article
- Isokinetic knee strength profiles, conventional hamstring-to-quadriceps ratio, and performance decrement in weightlifting and wrestling athletes: a cross-sectional study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Dual benefits of neuromuscular training in adolescent volleyball players: knee injury prevention and athletic performance share a common mechanistic foundation: a structured narrative review.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2026Review
- Clinically feasible biomechanical assessment of lower limb strength and postural stability in adults aged 50-75 years with moderate knee osteoarthritis: implications for technology-enabled healthy aging.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2026Article
- Interpretable Machine Learning on Simulation-Derived Biomechanical Features for Hamstrings-Quadriceps Imbalance Detection in Running.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Knee isokinetic strength benchmarks in athletes across sports categories and performance levels.Biology of sport · 2025Article
- Persistent isokinetic knee flexion strength deficits at the time of return to sport are not associated with a second ACL injury.Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA · 2025Article
- Hamstrings and Quadriceps Weaknesses Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Persist Up to 6 Months After Return-to-Sport: An Angle-specific Strength Analysis.International journal of sports physical therapy · 2025Article
- Bilateral strength balance of knee extensor and flexor muscles in female soccer players.Frontiers in physiology · 2025Article
- Design and validation of a wearable dynamometry system for knee extension-flexion torque measurement.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Isokinetic Knee Muscle Strength Parameters and Anthropometric Indices in Athletes with and without Hyperextended Knees.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Article
- A comparative analysis of autograft choices of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and their effects on muscle strength and joint biomechanics.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2024Article
- Isometric and isokinetic strength of lower-limb muscles in female athletes during different phases of menstrual cycle: a causal-comparative study.BMC women's health · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The hamstrings-to-quadriceps muscle strength ratio calculated by peak torque has been used as an important tool to detect muscle imbalance, monitor knee joint stability, describe muscle strength properties and functionality, and for lower extremity injury prevention and rehabilitation. However, this ratio does not consider other neuromuscular variables that can also influence the antagonist to agonist muscle relationship, such as torque produced at multiple angles of range of motion, explosive strength, muscle size, muscle fatigue, or muscle activation. The aim of this study was to comprehensively review alternative methods of determining the hamstrings-to-quadriceps ratio. These include ratios calculated by angle-specific torque, rate of torque development, muscle size, fatigue index, and muscle activation (measured by electromyography). Collectively, the literature demonstrates that utilizing alternative methods of determining the hamstrings-to-quadriceps ratio can be functionally relevant for a better understanding of the neuromuscular mechanisms underpinning the interaction of strength between hamstrings and quadriceps. However, there is insufficient evidence to recommend any of the alternative methods as sensitive clinical tools for predicting injury risk and monitoring knee joint integrity. Future longitudinal studies, along with injury incidence, are needed to further investigate all alternative methods of determining the hamstrings-to-quadriceps ratio. These have potential to offer insight into how athletes and the general population should be trained for performance enhancement and injury reduction, and may be used along with traditional methods for a thorough assessment of an individual's H:Q muscle balance.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.