ReviewBehavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland)2019
Not All Bilinguals Are the Same: A Call for More Detailed Assessments and Descriptions of Bilingual Experiences.
Review in Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland), 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 65 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
65 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Multifactorial approaches to study bilingualism in the aging population: Past, present, future.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Pooled it
- From Recognition to Production: Receptive and Expressive Cross-Situational Word Learning in Monolingual and Bilingual Children.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Modulations of the P3b effect as a function of bilingual language experience.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Bilingualism in Context: A Bayesian Psychometric Network Analysis of Language and Culture Among U.S. Heritage Spanish-English Speakers of Latin American Descent.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- One test, many tongues: Surveying language proficiency across the globe.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Similarities (and Differences) in the Learning Patterns of Single-Word Reading of an Alphabetic Orthography in Monolingual and Bilingual Primary School Children: A Cross-Sectional Study.Brain sciences · 2026Article
- Rethinking language, cognition and assessment in psychosis: How bilingualism challenges psychiatry and how natural language processing can help.Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Bilingualism Enhances Metalinguistic Awareness in Autism: Extending the Two-Dimensional Grammaticality Judgment Task.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2026Article
- Bilingual language control in oral language production: an overview and outlook.Cognitive processing · 2026Review
- Missing the Mix: Perceiving Code-Switches as a Mechanism for Bilingual Adaptation.Child development perspectives · 2026Article
- Article
- Associations Between Second-Language Proficiency and Executive Functions in Autistic and Neurotypical Children.Open mind : discoveries in cognitive science · 2026Article
- Bilingual effects on cognitive control: a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of 50 years of research.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Review
- Co-Registration of EEG and Eye-Tracking in Psycholinguistics and Bilingualism Research.Frontiers in language sciences · 2026Article
- Selective cognitive effects of multilingualism emerge in visuospatial working memory in later life.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Predicting Factors of Cognitive Flexibility in Chinese-English Bilinguals: Insights from Mouse Tracking Task Switching.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Effects of Bilingualism on Executive Function of Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Scoping Review.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- The association between multilingualism and cognitive function among literate and illiterate older adults with low education in India.Alzheimer's & dementia. Behavior & socioeconomics of aging · 2025Article
- Examining the role of early bilingualism on interference suppression and prefrontal connectivity.Frontiers in integrative neuroscience · 2025Article
- An integrative approach to bilingual cognition: preliminary insights into phonetic learning and sensorimotor adaptation.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2025Article
5 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
Abstract
No two bilinguals are the same. Differences in bilingual experiences can affect language-related processes but have also been proposed to modulate executive functioning. Recently, there has been an increased interest in studying individual differences between bilinguals, for example in terms of their age of acquisition, language proficiency, use, and switching. However, and despite the importance of this individual variation, studies often do not provide detailed assessments of their bilingual participants. This review first discusses several aspects of bilingualism that have been studied in relation to executive functioning. Next, I review different questionnaires and objective measurements that have been proposed to better define bilingual experiences. In order to better understand (effects of) bilingualism within and across studies, it is crucial to carefully examine and describe not only a bilingual's proficiency and age of acquisition, but also their language use and switching as well as the different interactional contexts in which they use their languages.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.