ReviewSensors (Basel, Switzerland)2019
EEG-Based Brain-Computer Interfaces Using Motor-Imagery: Techniques and Challenges.
Review in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 115 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
115 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Past, Present, and Future of EEG-Based BCI Applications.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Pooled it
- Motor-Imagery EEG-Based BCIs in Wheelchair Movement and Control: A Systematic Literature Review.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Pooled it
- Brain-Computer Interfaces Systems for Upper and Lower Limb Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Pooled it
- Technical system of electroencephalography-based brain-computer interface: Advances, applications, and challenges.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Systematic Benchmarking of a Dry Electrode EEG Prototype Against Wet Electrode EEG Systems in Electrophysiological/Cognitive Scenarios.Biosensors · 2026Article
- Evaluating Validation Strategies in Motor Imagery EEG: A Full-Cohort GAF-PLV Analysis and Matched Sensitivity Study.Brain sciences · 2026Article
- Cross-region neural signal reconstruction to lift electrode placement constraints in SSVEP brain-computer interfaces.npj biomedical innovations · 2026Article
- EEG blink and gaze control using random forest classification for accessible assistive robotic navigation in real world conditions.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Rethinking Brain-Computer Interfaces for Soft Robotic Systems: A Unified Framework and Perspective.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Motor imagery BCI enables more practical and user-friendly exoskeleton control than smartwatch for users with spinal cord injury: a preliminary study.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2026Article
- [A scientific definition of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs): Essential components, fundamental characteristics, capability boundaries, and scope delimitation].Sheng wu yi xue gong cheng xue za zhi = Journal of biomedical engineering = Shengwu yixue gongchengxue zazhi · 2026Review
- CV-EEGNet: A Compact Complex-Valued Convolutional Network for End-to-End EEG-Based Emotion Recognition.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- A dynamic multi-branch EEG decoding network for motor imagery classification with preliminary clinical validation.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Article
- Cognitive load gating system in motor imagery BCIs: a dual-task EEG study with differential entropy-based reliability estimation.Frontiers in artificial intelligence · 2026Article
- A Dimensionality Reduction Approach for Motor Imagery Brain-Computer Interface Using Functional Clustering and Graph Signal Processing.Journal of medical signals and sensors · 2026Article
- EEG-based cognition-aware task classification and scheduling using enhanced fuzzy transition modeling.Frontiers in artificial intelligence · 2026Article
- Takens-Based Kernel Transfer Entropy Connectivity Network for Motor Imagery Classification.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Intersession Robust Hybrid Brain-Computer Interface: Safe and User-Friendly Approach with LED Activation Mechanism.Micromachines · 2025Article
- Hierarchical attention enhanced deep learning achieves high precision motor imagery classification in brain computer interfaces.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- ArEEG: an Open-Access Arabic Inner Speech EEG Dataset.Scientific data · 2025Article
55 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Electroencephalography (EEG)-based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), particularly those using motor-imagery (MI) data, have the potential to become groundbreaking technologies in both clinical and entertainment settings. MI data is generated when a subject imagines the movement of a limb. This paper reviews state-of-the-art signal processing techniques for MI EEG-based BCIs, with a particular focus on the feature extraction, feature selection and classification techniques used. It also summarizes the main applications of EEG-based BCIs, particularly those based on MI data, and finally presents a detailed discussion of the most prevalent challenges impeding the development and commercialization of EEG-based BCIs.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.