ArticlePloS one2019
Risk and protective factors for the development of ADHD symptoms in children and adolescents: Results of the longitudinal BELLA study.
Article in PloS one, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Parental Age and the Risk of ADHD in Offspring: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Pooled it
- Efficacy of a mobile-based self-directed parent management training for parents of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with or without oppositional defiant disorder- a randomized controlled trial.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2025Trial
- Negative Parenting Mediates the Longitudinal Association between Parental Internalizing Symptoms and Child Oppositional Symptoms.Child psychiatry and human development · 2025Trial
- A randomised controlled trial (MindChamp) of a mindfulness-based intervention for children with ADHD and their parents.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2022Trial
- Social determinants of mental health in Germany: a systematic scoping review mapping the landscape of researched determinants, outcome measures, and explanatory concepts.International journal for equity in health · 2026Article
- The relation between household dogs and cats during childhood/adolescence with social role outcomes and loneliness among youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Article
- Association between social capital and depressive symptoms in adolescents relocated for poverty alleviation in Shanxi, China: a cross-sectional study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Gender and Age Differences in ADHD Symptoms and Co-occurring Depression and Anxiety Symptoms Among Children and Adolescents in the BELLA Study.Child psychiatry and human development · 2025Review
- Risk and protective factors for mental health problems in children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: results of the longitudinal COPSY study.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2025Article
- Integrative analysis of intestinal flora and untargeted metabolomics in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- Impact of adverse childhood experiences on risk for internalizing psychiatric disorders in youth at clinical high-risk for psychosis.Psychiatry research · 2024Article
- Early identification of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).PLOS digital health · 2024Article
- Prevalence and associated factors of ADHD-like symptoms among pharmacy students at Prince of Songkla University, Thailand in 2024: a cross-sectional study.Ewha medical journal · 2024Article
- Investigating the Impact of Nutrition and Oxidative Stress on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.Nutrients · 2024Review
- Parenting Behaviors as Mediators of the Association Between Parental Internalizing Symptoms and Child Externalizing Symptoms.Child psychiatry and human development · 2024Article
- Prevalence and correlates of internalizing and externalizing mental health problems among in-school adolescents in eastern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- ADHD and family life: A cross-sectional study of ADHD prevalence among pupils in China and factors associated with parental depression.PloS one · 2024Article
- Maternal Mental Health and Children's Problem Behaviours: A Bi-directional Relationship?Research on child and adolescent psychopathology · 2023Article
- Temperamental and psychomotor predictors of ADHD symptoms in children born after a threatened preterm labour: a 6-year follow-up study.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2023Article
- Eye-movement indices of arousal predict ADHD and comorbid externalizing symptoms over a 2-year period.Scientific reports · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood worldwide, and causes significant impairments in overall functioning. In order to develop effective prevention and intervention programs, knowledge of the determinants that have an impact on the onset and development of ADHD symptoms is essential. So far, little is known about factors affecting ADHD symptoms in children and adolescents over time. Therefore, this study investigates potential psychosocial risk and protective factors for ADHD symptoms based on cross-sectional and longitudinal data of a German population-based study.
methodsData on children and adolescents (n = 1,384 aged 11 to 17 years) were collected at three measurement points (baseline, 1-year and 2-year follow-ups) covering a period of two years. We used latent growth modelling to investigate effects of parental mental health problems (risk factor) and self-efficacy, family climate and social support (protective factors) on symptoms of ADHD based on cross-sectional as well as longitudinal data. Sociodemographic factors, pre- and postnatal factors, and comorbid symptoms of internalizing and externalizing mental health problems were considered as covariates.
resultsAt baseline, male gender, younger age, stronger aggressive behavior, and stronger parental mental health problems were related to more ADHD symptoms. Longitudinal analyses showed that female gender, migration status, increasing symptoms of generalized anxiety, increasing aggressive behavior and increasing parental mental health problems were associated with stronger increase of ADHD symptoms over time. However, improving family climate was related to decreasing ADHD symptoms over time. We further found moderator effects for social support.
conclusionThe findings of the study provide important information concerning risk and protective factors in the context of ADHD. Hence, the results may be integrated into the planning and implementation of future prevention and early intervention strategies that target affected children and adolescents.
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