ReviewLiver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver2019
The tumour microenvironment and immune milieu of cholangiocarcinoma.
Review in Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 108 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
108 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 190 citations in OpenAlex.
- Clinical outcomes of immune checkpoint inhibitor combined with other targeted or immunological therapy regimens for the treatment of advanced bile tract cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Pooled it
- Prognostic and Clinicopathological Significance of PD-L1 in Patients with Cholangiocarcinoma: A Meta-Analysis.Disease markers · 2020Pooled it
- A randomized placebo-controlled phase I clinical trial to evaluate the immunomodulatory activities of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb) DC. in healthy Thai subjects.BMC complementary medicine and therapies · 2021Trial
- Advances and challenges in immunotherapy for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma based on the tumour immune microenvironment.Clinical and translational medicine · 2026Review
- SPINK1-driven cellular heterogeneity and interaction networks in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma revealed by integrated multi-omics analysis.Journal of advanced research · 2026Article
- Advances in Immunotherapy for Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Article
- MARCO promotes cholangiocarcinogenesis by inducing immunosuppression and its targeting reduces tumor growth.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Article
- METTL5 Enables Immune Evasion of Liver Cancer via Chemokine mRNA Translation Regulation.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Exploring the role of disulfidptosis‑related signatures in immune microenvironment, prognosis and therapeutic strategies of cholangiocarcinoma.Oncology reports · 2026Article
- Preclinical development of mesothelin-targeting CAR T cells for the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma.Hepatology communications · 2026Article
- Multimodal single-cell profiling reveals crosstalk between macrophages and stromal cells in poor prognostic cholangiocarcinoma patients.NPJ precision oncology · 2026Article
- Therapy-imprinted fibroblast memory in cholangiocarcinoma: rewiring CAF niches for immune evasion and treatment-resistant relapse.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Harnessing cellular immunotherapy for cholangiocarcinoma: an integrated roadmap for overcoming resistance.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Cholangiocarcinoma 2026: status quo, unmet needs and priorities.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2026Review
- Curcumin-based compounds in non-malignant biliary injury and cholangiocarcinoma: mechanistic insights and translational barriers.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- From the invasive front to organotropic pre-metastatic niches: spatial immune regulatory networks governing cholangiocarcinoma dissemination and metastasis-intercepting immunotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Cancer-associated fibroblasts, clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of liver cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis based on real-world research.World journal of gastrointestinal oncology · 2025Article
- MBNL3 regulates tumor progression and metastasis in cholangiocarcinoma and serves as a prognostic biomarker.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Inflammation and immunity in liver homeostasis and disease: a nexus of hepatocytes, nonparenchymal cells and immune cells.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2025Review
48 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 10 institutions in 7 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Tumour microenvironment is a complex, multicellular functional compartment that, particularly when assembled as an abundant desmoplastic reaction, may profoundly affect the proliferative and invasive abilities of epithelial cancer cells. Tumour microenvironment comprises not only stromal cells, mainly cancer-associated fibroblasts, but also immune cells of both the innate and adaptive system (tumour-associated macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells, and T and B lymphocytes), and endothelial cells. This results in an intricate web of mutual communications regulated by an extensively remodelled extracellular matrix, where the tumour cells are centrally engaged. In this regard, cholangiocarcinoma, in particular the intrahepatic variant, has become the focus of mounting interest in the last years, largely because of the lack of effective therapies despite its rising incidence and high mortality rates worldwide. On the other hand, recent studies in pancreatic cancer, which similarly to cholangiocarcinoma, is highly desmoplastic, have argued against a tumour-promoting function of the tumour microenvironment. In this review, we will discuss recent developments concerning the role of each cellular population and their multifaceted interplay with the malignant biliary epithelial counterpart. We ultimately hope to provide the working knowledge on how their manipulation may lead to a therapeutic gain in cholangiocarcinoma.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.