ReviewPhilosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences2019
Origins and evolution of CRISPR-Cas systems.
Review in Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 222 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
222 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 471 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Characterization of defensome genes and mobile genetic Elements in different types of pasture soil agroecosystems from the Brazilian Amazon.International microbiology : the official journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology · 2026Article
- Recent advances in CRISPR/Cas12a-based biosensors for heavy metal analysis: a review of signal readout strategies and analytical performance.Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry · 2026Review
- Dual-mode application of transcriptional regulation and DNA editing using the ultra-compact TnpB system.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- Identification and structure determination of a type III-Bv CRISPR complex that post-translationally modifies an associated toxin.Structure (London, England : 1993) · 2026Article
- Helicity of the bridge helix of Cas12a regulates on-target DNA cleavage efficiency and off-target cleavage propensity.Biochemical and biophysical research communications · 2026Article
- Structural and biochemical characterization of a novel DinG containing an endonuclease domain.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2026Article
- A Noncontiguous Code for RNA-Guided DNA Recognition Preceded CRISPR.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Deep learning-guided engineering of SpuFz1 and rational miniaturization of ωRNA enables efficient genome editing.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Towards deployable CRISPR-based nucleic acid detection.Progress in biomedical engineering (Bristol, England) · 2026Review
- Sassy: fuzzy searching DNA sequences using SIMD.Bioinformatics (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- New Insights into CRISPR-like Arrays inPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- CRISPR-anti-CRISPR dynamics: evolutionary, ecological and biotechnological perspectives.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- Reversing Antibiotic Resistance: Strategies From Adjuvants to Innovative Therapeutics.MicrobiologyOpen · 2026Review
- A pentose, as a cytosine nucleobase modification inApplied and environmental microbiology · 2026Article
- [Research on Bacteriophage Resistance: Coevolutionary Arms Race Between Bacteria and Phages Drives Novel Antibacterial Therapies].Sichuan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Sichuan University. Medical science edition · 2026Review
- Bacterial defense systems: Mechanisms, homology to eukaryotic immune systems, and applications.Zoological research · 2026Review
- Machine learning reveals sequence and methylation determinants of SaCas9-PAM interactions in bacteria.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- Leishmaniasis vaccine research: current status and new directions.Parasitology · 2026Review
- Characterization and diversity of defense systems inFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
162 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas, the bacterial and archaeal adaptive immunity systems, encompass a complex machinery that integrates fragments of foreign nucleic acids, mostly from mobile genetic elements (MGE), into CRISPR arrays embedded in microbial genomes. Transcripts of the inserted segments (spacers) are employed by CRISPR-Cas systems as guide (g)RNAs for recognition and inactivation of the cognate targets. The CRISPR-Cas systems consist of distinct adaptation and effector modules whose evolutionary trajectories appear to be at least partially independent. Comparative genome analysis reveals the origin of the adaptation module from casposons, a distinct type of transposons, which employ a homologue of Cas1 protein, the integrase responsible for the spacer incorporation into CRISPR arrays, as the transposase. The origin of the effector module(s) is far less clear. The CRISPR-Cas systems are partitioned into two classes, class 1 with multisubunit effectors, and class 2 in which the effector consists of a single, large protein. The class 2 effectors originate from nucleases encoded by different MGE, whereas the origin of the class 1 effector complexes remains murky. However, the recent discovery of a signalling pathway built into the type III systems of class 1 might offer a clue, suggesting that type III effector modules could have evolved from a signal transduction system involved in stress-induced programmed cell death. The subsequent evolution of the class 1 effector complexes through serial gene duplication and displacement, primarily of genes for proteins containing RNA recognition motif domains, can be hypothetically reconstructed. In addition to the multiple contributions of MGE to the evolution of CRISPR-Cas, the reverse flow of information is notable, namely, recruitment of minimalist variants of CRISPR-Cas systems by MGE for functions that remain to be elucidated. Here, we attempt a synthesis of the diverse threads that shed light on CRISPR-Cas origins and evolution. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'The ecology and evolution of prokaryotic CRISPR-Cas adaptive immune systems'.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.