ArticlePhilosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences2019
Why put up with immunity when there is resistance: an excursion into the population and evolutionary dynamics of restriction-modification and CRISPR-Cas.
Article in Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Phage susceptibility to a minimal, modular synthetic CRISPR-Cas system inPhilosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2025Article
- Article
- Conditions for the spread of CRISPR-Cas immune systems into bacterial populations.The ISME journal · 2024Article
- Transient eco-evolutionary dynamics early in a phage epidemic have strong and lasting impact on the long-term evolution of bacterial defences.PLoS biology · 2023Article
- Article
- Engineering bacteriophages for enhanced host range and efficacy: insights from bacteriophage-bacteria interactions.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Review
- The coordination of anti-phage immunity mechanisms in bacterial cells.Nature communications · 2022Article
- High viral abundance and low diversity are associated with increased CRISPR-Cas prevalence across microbial ecosystems.Current biology : CB · 2022Article
- Ecological memory preserves phage resistance mechanisms in bacteria.Nature communications · 2021Article
- Article
- Searching for fat tails in CRISPR-Cas systems: Data analysis and mathematical modeling.PLoS computational biology · 2021Article
- It is unclear how important CRISPR-Cas systems are for protecting natural populations of bacteria against infections by mobile genetic elements.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2020Review
- Evolutionary Ecology and Interplay of Prokaryotic Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems.Current biology : CB · 2020Review
- Steering Phages to Combat Bacterial Pathogens.Trends in microbiology · 2020Review
- Evolutionary classification of CRISPR-Cas systems: a burst of class 2 and derived variants.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2020Review
- Phage steering of antibiotic-resistance evolution in the bacterial pathogen,Evolution, medicine, and public health · 2020Article
- Article
- Molecular noise of innate immunity shapes bacteria-phage ecologies.PLoS computational biology · 2019Article
- The ecology and evolution of microbial CRISPR-Cas adaptive immune systems.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Bacteria can readily generate mutations that prevent bacteriophage (phage) adsorption and thus make bacteria resistant to infections with these viruses. Nevertheless, the majority of bacteria carry complex innate and/or adaptive immune systems: restriction-modification (RM) and CRISPR-Cas, respectively. Both RM and CRISPR-Cas are commonly assumed to have evolved and be maintained to protect bacteria from succumbing to infections with lytic phage. Using mathematical models and computer simulations, we explore the conditions under which selection mediated by lytic phage will favour such complex innate and adaptive immune systems, as opposed to simple envelope resistance. The results of our analysis suggest that when populations of bacteria are confronted with lytic phage: (i) In the absence of immunity, resistance to even multiple bacteriophage species with independent receptors can evolve readily. (ii) RM immunity can benefit bacteria by preventing phage from invading established bacterial populations and particularly so when there are multiple bacteriophage species adsorbing to different receptors. (iii) Whether CRISPR-Cas immunity will prevail over envelope resistance depends critically on the number of steps in the coevolutionary arms race between the bacteria-acquiring spacers and the phage-generating CRISPR-escape mutants. We discuss the implications of these results in the context of the evolution and maintenance of RM and CRISPR-Cas and highlight fundamental questions that remain unanswered. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'The ecology and evolution of prokaryotic CRISPR-Cas adaptive immune systems'.
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