ReviewJournal of leukocyte biology2019
Below the surface: The inner lives of TLR4 and TLR9.
Review in Journal of leukocyte biology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 82 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
82 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Gut microbiome alterations and their clinical and biological implications in ovarian cancer: a systematic review.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Pooled it
- Toll-Like Receptors in the Mechanism of Hexabromocyclododecane-Induced Production of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines.Journal of applied toxicology : JAT · 2026Article
- Alleviating the Adverse Effects of Lipopolysaccharide on Production Performance, Immune Function, and Intestinal Damage in Broilers via Dietary Alkaline Phosphatase.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Review
- Nephroprotective Effect of L-Carvone on a Mouse Model of LPS-Induced Sepsis-Associated Renal Injury via Regulation of TLR4/NF-κB/AP-1/IRF-3 and Nrf2/iNOS Molecular Signaling Cascades.Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences · 2026Article
- Naoxintong capsule decreases circulating exosomes of miR-382-5p to protect LPS-induced vascular endothelial cell injury by targetingFrontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- TRIM proteins as emerging regulators of immune pathways: potential therapeutic targets in immune-related disorders.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Cell-Free DNA (cfDNA), Its Applications in Cancer Diagnosis and Monitoring, and Its Potential Role in Regulating Cancer Metabolism.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026Review
- Central Role of Toll-like Receptor-9 Gene Function in Inflammation-Mediated Neuronal Plasticity: Implications for Long-Term Memory Development.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- The Role of TLR2/TLR4 Receptors in Host Genetic Susceptibility to Recurrent Vulvovaginitis.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Cardamonin Inhibits the Nuclear Translocation and DNA Binding of RelA in the Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-Induced NF-κB Signaling Pathway in Human Lung Adenocarcinoma A549 Cells.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- sTLR9 on maternal Circulating immune cells as a negative regulatory phenotype during pregnancy.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2025Article
- TLR9-Driven S-Palmitoylation in Dendritic Cells Reveals Immune and Metabolic Protein Targets.European journal of immunology · 2025Article
- Marginal zone and follicular B cells respond differently to TLR4 and TLR9 stimulation.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Article
- Toll-like Receptor Gene Polymorphisms as Predictive Biomarkers for Response to Infliximab in Japanese Patients with Crohn's Disease.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- An examination of the LPS-TLR4 immune response through the analysis of molecular structures and protein-protein interactions.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2025Review
- Global MicroRNA Profiling of HSV-1 Infected Cornea Identifies miR-329 as a Novel Regulator of Virus Infection.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- TLR4 Targeting: A Promising Therapeutic Approach Across Multiple Human Diseases.Current protein & peptide science · 2025Review
- Established and Emerging Roles of DEAD/H-Box Helicases in Regulating Infection and Immunity.Immunological reviews · 2025Review
22 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
TLRs are a class of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that detect invading microbes by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Upon PAMP engagement, TLRs activate a signaling cascade that leads to the production of inflammatory mediators. The localization of TLRs, either on the plasma membrane or in the endolysosomal compartment, has been considered to be a fundamental aspect to determine to which ligands the receptors bind, and which transduction pathways are induced. However, new observations have challenged this view by identifying complex trafficking events that occur upon TLR-ligand binding. These findings have highlighted the central role that endocytosis and receptor trafficking play in the regulation of the innate immune response. Here, we review the TLR4 and TLR9 transduction pathways and the importance of their different subcellular localization during the inflammatory response. Finally, we discuss the implications of TLR9 subcellular localization in autoimmunity.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.