ArticleObesity (Silver Spring, Md.)2019
Relationship of Maternal Weight Status Before, During, and After Pregnancy with Breast Milk Hormone Concentrations.
Article in Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 62 citations in OpenAlex.
- The association between maternal factors and milk hormone concentrations: a systematic review.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Pooled it
- Metabolic health conditions in pregnancy, human milk hormone concentrations, and infant adiposity.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2026Article
- Adolescent mothers' body composition and metabolic hormones (adiponectin, ghrelin, and leptin) in blood and human milk: associations with infant body composition.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2026Article
- Article
- Gestational diabetes, human milk oligosaccharide concentrations, and their links to infant weight gain and the gut microbiome in a United States observational cohort.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2026Observational
- Associations of human milk leptin with maternal obesity and early infant weight trajectories.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Maternal Physical Activity and Its Relationship to the Human Milk Metabolome and Infant Body Composition.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Article
- Assembly of the infant gut microbiome and resistome are linked to bacterial strains in mother's milk.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Impact of Diet and Maternal Obesity on Human Milk Hyaluronan.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Impact of Maternal Overweight and Obesity on Adipokines During Pregnancy and Lactation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Human milk cortisol is inversely associated with infant BMI and mediates the association between maternal plasma and infant salivary cortisol concentrations.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2025Observational
- Donor human milk pasteurization methods and the effect on milk components as they relate to Necrotizing enterocolitis.Seminars in fetal & neonatal medicine · 2025Review
- Development and validation of a model for predicting the risks for delayed onset of lactogenesis stage II for Chinese pregnant women.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Relevance of Milk Composition to Human Longitudinal Growth from Infancy Through Puberty: Facts and Controversies.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Article
- Human milk variation is shaped by maternal genetics and impacts the infant gut microbiome.Cell genomics · 2024Article
- Investigation of Relationships between Intakes of Human Milk Total Lipids and Metabolic Hormones and Infant Sex and Body Composition.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Characterisation and validation of lactation information from structured electronic health records for use in pharmacoepidemiological studies.Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology · 2024Article
- Human cytomegalovirus in breast milk is associated with milk composition and the infant gut microbiome and growth.Nature communications · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThe aim of this study was to test associations of prepregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain, oral glucose challenge test results, and postpartum weight loss as predictors of breast milk leptin, insulin, and adiponectin concentrations and whether these relationships vary over time.
methodsMilk was collected at 1 and 3 months from 135 exclusively breastfeeding women from the longitudinal Mothers and Infants Linked for Healthy Growth (MILk) study. Hormones were assayed in skimmed samples using ELISA. Mixed-effects linear regression models were employed to assess main effects and effect-by-time interactions on hormone concentrations.
resultsIn adjusted models, BMI was positively associated with milk leptin (P < 0.001) and insulin (P = 0.03) and negatively associated with milk adiponectin (P = 0.02); however, the association was stronger with insulin and weaker with adiponectin at 3 months than at 1 month (time interaction P = 0.017 for insulin and P = 0.045 for adiponectin). Gestational weight gain was positively associated and postpartum weight loss was negatively associated with milk leptin (both P < 0.001), independent of BMI. Oral glucose challenge test results were not associated with these milk hormone concentrations.
conclusionsMaternal weight status before, during, and after pregnancy contributes to interindividual variation in human milk composition. Continuing work will assess the role of these and other milk bioactive factors in altering infant metabolic outcomes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.