ReviewJournal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR2019
3D models in the new era of immune oncology: focus on T cells, CAF and ECM.
Review in Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 58 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
58 citing papers in PubMed.
- Smart responsive hydrogels combined with AI design for tumor therapy.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Review
- Review
- An Open-Source Automated Pipeline for Quantitative Morphological Analysis of 3D-Bioprinted Cancer Cell Spheroids.Methods and protocols · 2026Article
- Dual Targeting of FAP-Directed Nanoparticles and FRα-Specific CAR-T Cells Induces Additive Anti-Tumor Effects in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.International journal of biological sciences · 2026Article
- Article
- Breast cancer patient-derived scaffolds enhance the understanding of PD-L1 regulation and T cell cytotoxicity.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Cancer associated fibroblasts in cancer development and therapy.Journal of hematology & oncology · 2025Review
- Reprogramming the tumor microenvironment to overcome immunotherapy resistance in pancreatic cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Transforming cancer treatment: integrating patient-derived organoids and CRISPR screening for precision medicine.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
- Development of a hydrogel-based three-dimensional (3D) glioblastoma cell lines culture as a model system for CD73 inhibitor response study.Biomedical engineering online · 2024Article
- Mesenchymal stem cell origin contributes to the antitumor effect of oncolytic virus carriers.Molecular therapy. Oncology · 2024Article
- Tissue-engineered patient-derived osteosarcoma models dissecting tumour-bone interactions.Cancer metastasis reviews · 2024Review
- Review
- Tumor-to-stroma cd8Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology · 2024Article
- Imaging actin organisation and dynamics in 3D.Journal of cell science · 2024Article
- Early, precise, and safe clinical evaluation of the pharmacodynamic effects of novel agents in the intact human tumor microenvironment.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Article
- Single-cell dissection of cervical cancer reveals key subsets of the tumor immune microenvironment.The EMBO journal · 2023Article
- Bioengineering of a tumour-stroma 3D-tumouroid co-culture model of hypopharyngeal cancer.Biology open · 2023Article
- Mechanobiology of cancer cell responsiveness to chemotherapy and immunotherapy: Mechanistic insights and biomaterial platforms.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2023Review
- A Macrophages-Enriched Head and Neck Tumor Spheroid Model to Study FoslipInternational journal of nanomedicine · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy has changed clinical practice for patients with different cancers, since these agents have demonstrated a significant improvement of overall survival and are effective in many patients. However, an intrinsic or acquired resistance frequently occur and biomarkers predictive of responsiveness should help in patient selection and in defining the adequate treatment options. A deep analysis of the complexity of the tumor microenvironment is likely to further advance the field and hopefully identify more effective combined immunotherapeutic strategies. Here we review the current knowledge on tumor microenvironment, focusing on T cells, cancer associated fibroblasts and extracellular matrix. The use of 3D cell culture models to resemble tumor microenvironment landscape and to screen immunomodulatory drugs is also reviewed.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.