ArticleMolecular medicine reports2019
1,25‑Dihydroxy‑Vitamin D3 induces macrophage polarization to M2 by upregulating T‑cell Ig‑mucin‑3 expression.
Article in Molecular medicine reports, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 53 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cell-type specificity of Tim-3 in respiratory diseases: from mechanisms to clinical translation.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- The Role of Macrophages in Endometrial Cyclical Changes and Female Reproductive System Diseases: A Review.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- TIM-3+ Macrophages: Insights into Their Role in Cancer and Inflammation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- 25-Hydroxyvitamin DFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Macrophage-related GBP4 as a Novel Biomarker for Crohn's Disease: Insights from WGCNA, Mendelian Randomization, and Immunohistochemical Validation.Current topics in medicinal chemistry · 2026Article
- Search for Potential VDR/Partner Composite Elements in Regulatory DNA of Genes Associated with Respiratory Infections and Atopic Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Vitamin D as an Immune Modulator in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Narrative Review.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Vitamin D and Cardiovascular Disease: The "Good", the "Bad", and the "Unknown".Reviews in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Review
- Macrophages at the Crossroads of Chronic Stress and Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- The potential role of 1,25(OH)Journal of inflammation (London, England) · 2025Review
- The impact of metabolic reprogramming on tertiary lymphoid structure formation: enhancing cancer immunotherapy.BMC medicine · 2025Review
- Article
- Unveiling the Link: The Potential Roles of Vitamin D in Keloid Pathophysiology.Experimental dermatology · 2025Review
- Illuminating the Connection: Cutaneous Vitamin DNutrients · 2025Review
- Fat-soluble Vitamins and Lung Cancer: Where We Are?Recent patents on anti-cancer drug discovery · 2025Review
- Review
- Review
- Construction and validation of prognostic signatures related to mitochondria and macrophage polarization in gastric cancer.Frontiers in oncology · 2024Article
- Effects of vitamin D signaling in cardiovascular disease: centrality of macrophage polarization.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2024Article
- Prophylaxis of decidual CD68Heliyon · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Macrophage polarization serves an important role in immune regulation that is regulated by T‑cell immunoglobulin‑mucin‑3 (Tim‑3). The objective of the present study was to explore the role of 1,25‑dihydroxy‑vitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] in macrophage polarization. Plasmid transfection techniques were applied to prepare RAW264.7 cells with silenced or overexpressed Tim‑3 gene. ELISAs were used to examine the level of inflammatory factors secreted by macrophages. Proteins levels were determined by western blot analysis. mRNAs expression levels were assessed using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. It was identified that 1,25(OH)2D3 upregulated Tim‑3 levels and promoted the secretion of interleukin (IL)‑10. 1,25(OH)2D3 was also observed to increase the level of transforming growth factor‑β and to inhibit tumor necrosis factor‑α and IL‑6. The results also suggested that Tim‑3 gene silencing induced macrophages polarization to classically activated macrophages (M1), and that overexpression of the Tim‑3 gene induced macrophage polarization to alternatively activated macrophages (M2). 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment upregulated the expression level of Tim‑3 in macrophages, which promoted cell polarization to M2 and inhibited polarization to M1. The data from the present study indicated that Tim‑3 may induce macrophage polarization to M2, and that 1,25(OH)2D3 produced immunosuppressive effects by upregulating Tim‑3.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.