ArticleCells2019
A Direct Effect of Sex Hormones on Epithelial Barrier Function in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Models.
Article in Cells, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 53 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
53 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 83 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association Between Sex Hormone Levels and Gut Microbiota Composition and Diversity-A Systematic Review.Journal of clinical gastroenterologyPooled it
- Phase II, Open-Label Clinical Trial of Urinary-Derived Human Chorionic Gonadotropin/Epidermal Growth Factor for Life-Threatening Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease.Transplantation and cellular therapy · 2023Trial
- Precise probiotic therapy: Advances, bottlenecks, and the road to microbiome-informed nutrition.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Menopause and "leaky gut": implications for midlife women's health.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Article
- Impact of Circulating Estrogen and Mild Systemic Dehydration on Ultrasonic Vocalizations in Female Rats.Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR · 2026Article
- Context-Dependent Modulation of Epithelial Barrier Integrity and Intestinal Permeability by Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Two Preclinical Models Mimicking Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease: A Descriptive Analysis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- The Effects of Menstrual Cycle Phase on Gastrointestinal Responses to a Simulated Football Match.European journal of sport science · 2026Article
- Impact of Endometriosis on the Progression of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Multicenter Retrospective Study.Clinical and translational gastroenterology · 2026Article
- Soybean Synergies: A Comprehensive Review on Novel Extraction Techniques and Their Role in Unlocking Health Potential.Food science & nutrition · 2025Review
- The Gut Microbiota-Sex-Immunity Axis in Non-Communicable Diseases.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Pinto Bean Supplementation Modulates Gut Microbiota and Improves Markers of Gut Integrity in a Mouse Model of Estrogen Deficiency.The Journal of nutrition · 2025Article
- Influence of biological sex in inflammatory bowel diseases.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2025Review
- Establishment of an Organoid Culture Model Derived from Small Intestinal Epithelium of C57BL/6 Mice and Its Benefits over Tissues.Journal of cancer prevention · 2025Article
- Estrogen prevented gingival barrier injury fromInfection and immunity · 2025Article
- Ovarian Aging: The Silent Catalyst of Age-Related Disorders in Female Body.Aging and disease · 2025Review
- The potential mediating role of the gut microbiome and metabolites in the association between PFAS and kidney function in young adults: A proof-of-concept study.The Science of the total environment · 2024Article
- Pancreastatin Inhibition Alters the Colonic Epithelial Cells Profile in a Sex-Dependent Manner.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- A bidirectional Mendelian randomization analysis of the causal relationship between inflammatory bowel disease and breast cancer based on estrogen receptor status.Discover oncology · 2024Article
- Do high-protein diets have the potential to reduce gut barrier function in a sex-dependent manner?European journal of nutrition · 2024Article
- Aryl hydrocarbon receptor activity in intestinal epithelial cells in the formation of colonic tertiary lymphoid tissues.American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPregnancy is often described as an immune-tolerant state, and a disease modulatory role for pregnancy on inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been suggested. The direct effect of estrogen and progesterone on the intestinal epithelial barrier is underexplored. We investigated the direct consequences of these pregnancy hormones on barrier cells and their function.
methodsWe used IBD patient-derived inflammatory organoid models and 2D cell lines models. Epithelial barrier function was analyzed by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance; wound closure was determined by scratch assay; and cell viability was measured by MTT assays. Pro-inflammatory cytokine production was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Molecular modulation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induced by tunicamycin was studied by western blot analysis of the ER stress markers GRP78, CHOP and p-IRE1.
resultsProgesterone and estrogen improved wound healing and epithelial barrier function in intestinal epithelial cells via upregulation of tight junction proteins. Furthermore, these sex hormones significantly reduced ER-stress and reduce pro-inflammatory cytokine production in intestinal epithelial models.
conclusionOur study shows that estrogen and progesterone alleviate ER stress, decrease pro-inflammatory cytokine production, stimulate wound healing, and increase barrier function of epithelial cells. Combined, these data suggest that pregnancy hormones can have beneficial effects on disease activity by positively modulating the intestinal epithelial lining.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.