ArticlePLoS neglected tropical diseases2019
The influence of raw milk exposures on Rift Valley fever virus transmission.
Article in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Paving the way for human vaccination against Rift Valley fever virus: A systematic literature review of RVFV epidemiology from 1999 to 2021.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2022Pooled it
- Pathogenicity of Rift Valley fever virus: Organ-specific clinical outcomes and hidden drivers of virulence - a narrative review.Virulence · 2026Review
- Simulating the Transmission of Rift Valley Fever Virus via Raw Milk Consumption in Inter-Epidemic Periods.Viruses · 2026Article
- Opportunities and challenges for countermeasures against Rift Valley fever virus: A quintessential One Health pathogen.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Review
- A Newly Established ELISA for the Surveillance of Rift Valley Fever in Dromedary Camels and Their Owners, Kenya 2018.Viruses · 2026Article
- Rift Valley fever: An emerging zoonotic threat to global health and agriculture.World journal of virology · 2026Review
- A Cross-Sectional Study of Rift Valley Fever Exposure in Humans and Livestock in Southwestern Uganda Using a One Health Approach: Evidence of Elevated Seroprevalence Outside Recognized Outbreak Periods.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Rift Valley Fever Virus Infectivity in Milk Stored at a Wide Range of Temperatures.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Rift Valley Fever Virus Transmission During an Unreported Outbreak Among People and Livestock in South-Central Tanzania.Viruses · 2025Article
- Epidemiologic and Genomic Characterization of an Outbreak of Rift Valley Fever Among Humans and Dairy Cattle in Northern Tanzania.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Seroepidemiological Reconstruction of Long-term Rift Valley Fever Virus Circulation in Nouakchott, Mauritania.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Rift Valley fever: A zoonotic disease with global potential.Open veterinary journal · 2025Review
- Article
- Introduction of Vector-Borne Infections in Europe: Emerging and Re-Emerging Viral Pathogens with Potential Impact on One Health.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Co-Infection ofViruses · 2025Article
- Rift Valley Fever in Rwanda Is Urging for Enhancing Global Health Security Through Multisectoral One Health Strategy.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Serological Evidence of Cryptic Rift Valley Fever Virus Transmission Among Humans and Livestock in Central Highlands of Kenya.Viruses · 2024Article
- Article
- Rift Valley Fever outbreaks in the East African Community: insights from ProMed data (2010-2024).Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Laboratory Animal Models for Rift Valley Fever Virus Disease.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a zoonotic phlebovirus that can be transmitted to humans or livestock by mosquitoes or through direct contact with contaminated bodily fluids and tissues. Exposure to bodily fluids and tissues varies by types of behaviors engaged for occupational tasks, homestead responsibilities, or use in dietary or therapeutic capacities. While previous studies have included milk exposures in their analyses, their primary focus on livestock exposures has been on animal handling, breeding, and slaughter. We analyzed data from multiple field surveys in Kenya with the aim of associating RVFV infection to raw milk exposures from common animal species. Of those with evidence of prior RVFV infection by serology (n = 267), 77.2% engaged in milking livestock compared to 32.0% for 3,956 co-local seronegative individuals (p < 0.001), and 86.5% of seropositive individuals consumed raw milk compared to 33.4% seronegative individuals (p < 0.001). Individuals who milked and also consumed raw milk had greater odds of RVFV exposure than individuals whose only contact to raw milk was through milking. Increased risks were associated with exposure to milk sourced from cows (p < 0.001), sheep (p < 0.001), and goats (p < 0.001), but not camels (p = 0.98 for consuming, p = 0.21 for milking). Our data suggest that exposure to raw milk may contribute to a significant number of cases of RVFV, especially during outbreaks and in endemic areas, and that some animal species may be associated with a higher risk for RVFV exposure. Livestock trade is regulated to limit RVFV spread from endemic areas, yet further interventions designed to fully understand the risk of RVFV exposure from raw milk are imperative.
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Registered trials
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