ReviewJournal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)2019
An Inconvenient Variable: Sex Hormones and Their Impact on T Cell Responses.
Review in Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 74 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex Hormones in Psoriatic Disease: A Systematic Review.American journal of clinical dermatology · 2026Pooled it
- Inflammatory cytokines and alcohol use disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis.Revista brasileira de psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil : 1999) · 2022Pooled it
- Hormone therapy enhances anti-PD1 efficacy in premenopausal estrogen receptor-positive and HER2-negative advanced breast cancer.Cell reports. Medicine · 2025Trial
- Deficiency in circulating T cells in four core genotypes mice with Sry translocation.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2026Article
- Hematologic and biochemical changes associated with age and strain in aged B6 mice breeding in the national center of geriatrics and gerontology.Experimental animals · 2026Article
- Sex matters: mechanistic insights into sex-driven patterns of autoimmunity and implications for pharmacotherapy.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Review
- Sleep deprivation impairs follicular development attributable to granulosa cell pyroptosis mediated by S100A8/A9-driven macrophage M1 polarization.Science advances · 2026Article
- Immune microenvironment dynamics in pregnant patients with concomitant autoimmune diseases: mechanisms, challenges, and clinical significance.Military Medical Research · 2026Review
- Estrogen Induced Regulation of Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells in Asthma.Journal of immunology research · 2026Article
- Modelling of the Systemic Inflammatory Host Response in Relation to the Microbiome of the Endodontic Infection.International endodontic journal · 2025Article
- Can Sex-based Variations in the Immune Responses to AAV Gene Therapy Affect Safety and Efficacy? A Review of Current Understanding.The AAPS journal · 2025Review
- Sex Bias in Autoimmunity: New Findings and New Opportunities.JID innovations : skin science from molecules to population health · 2025Review
- Androgens inhibit protective CD8Nature communications · 2025Article
- Sex-specific impact of B cell-derived IL-10 on tuberculosis resistance.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Sex-based immunological differences in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: potential role of TFrontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Helper T cells: A potential target for sex hormones to ameliorate rheumatoid arthritis? (Review).Molecular medicine reports · 2024Review
- The conneXion between sex and immune responses.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2024Review
- NET-EN treatment leads to delayed HSV-2 infection, enhanced mucin and T cell functions in the female genital tract when compared to DMPA in a preclinical mouse model.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Article
- Tumors produce glucocorticoids by metabolite recycling, not synthesis, and activate Tregs to promote growth.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Epidemiologic data demonstrate sex differences in autoimmune diseases, immune responses against infection, and antitumor immunity, and accumulating evidence suggests a major role for sex hormones in mediating these differences. In this study, we review recent advances in understanding how sex hormones regulate T cell responses to alter susceptibility to autoimmunity. Although sex hormones can directly alter gene transcriptional programs of T cells, we focus in this study on how sex hormones alter T cell development and function through their effects on thymic stromal cells and innate cell types. In addition to contributing to our understanding of sex differences, these findings also have implications for the therapeutic use of sex hormones and sex hormone modulators, which are now being prescribed to increasing numbers of patients for a wide variety of indications.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.