ArticleJournal of epidemiology and community health2019
Temporal trends in cognitive function of older US adults associated with population changes in demographic and cardiovascular profiles.
Article in Journal of epidemiology and community health, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Cardiovascular disease risk models and dementia or cognitive decline: a systematic review.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2023Pooled it
- The MindMoves Trial: Cross-Sectional Analyses of Baseline Vascular Risk and Cognition in Older Women with Cardiovascular Disease.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2024Trial
- National database analysis of prescription medication uses and cognitive function in older adults: An observational study.Medicine · 2026Observational
- Combined impact of neutrophil-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (NHR) and cognitive function on all-cause mortality in older adults: a population-based study.Lipids in health and disease · 2025Article
- Associations of frailty and cognitive impairment with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in older adults: a prospective cohort study from NHANES 2011-2014.BMC geriatrics · 2025Article
- Construction and validation of a nomogram model for cognitive impairment in heart failure patients.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Article
- Dementia Prevalence, Incidence, and Mortality Trends Among U.S. Adults Ages 72 and Older, 2011-2021.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2024Article
- New evidence of trends in cognitive function among middle-aged and older adults in China, 2011-2018: an age-period-cohort analysis.BMC geriatrics · 2023Article
- Improved Cognitive Function in the Tromsø Study in Norway From 2001 to 2016.Neurology. Clinical practice · 2021Article
- Increasingly capable at the ripe old age? Cognitive abilities from 2004 to 2013 in Germany, Spain, and Sweden.PloS one · 2021Article
- Role of cumulative biological risk in mediating socioeconomic disparities in cognitive function in the elderly: a mediation analysis.BMJ open · 2020Article
- Decomposing Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Risk and Protective Factors of Dementia in the U.S.Clinical gerontologistArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundRecent estimates suggest that dementia incidence is decreasing in the US possibly due to better management of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, but these studies lack repeated cross-sectional assessment among a representative US sample. Our objective was to assess temporal trends in cognitive performance in relation to CVD risk factors among older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) participants.
methodsWe used repeated cross-sectional assessment of 5711 participants ≥60 years of age from four NHANES cycles: 1999-2000, 2001-2002, 2011-2012 and 2013-2014. Cognitive function was assessed during each cycle with the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). We estimated mean DSST score at each cycle and annual trend in DSST before and after adjustment for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, smoking status, blood pressure, glucose status and body mass index.
resultsDSST scores was significantly higher for 2011-2012 (difference: 6.7, 95% CI 4.4 to 9.0) and 2013-2014 (difference: 6.2, 95% CI 4.0 to 8.5), but not 2001-2002 (difference: 2.3, 95% CI -0.01 to 4.6) as compared with 1999-2000 before adjustment. We observed a linear trend for higher annual DSST score before adjustment (DSST/year: 0.44, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.57) and after adjustment for age, sex, race/ethnicity, educational attainment and CVD risk factors (DSST/year: 0.17, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.26). Educational attainment was most strongly associated with the attenuation in the trend in cognitive function (77% of trend attenuation and 20% of variance in DSST).
conclusionCognitive function is improving over time for US adults aged ≥60 years. These improvements are strongly associated with greater educational attainment and irrespective of the changing US demographic and cardiovascular health profiles.
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