ArticleTropical medicine & international health : TM & IH2019
BCG scar, socioeconomic and nutritional status: a study of newborns in urban area of Makassar, Indonesia.
Article in Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 7 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immunological factors linked to geographical variation in vaccine responses.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2024Review
- Evolution of theVaccine: X · 2023Article
- The correlation of Foxp3 + gene and regulatory T cells with scar BCG formation among children with Tuberculosis.Journal of clinical tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo investigate factors that determine the response to Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination in urban environments with respect to socioeconomic status (SES), prenatal exposure to infections or newborn's nutritional status.
methodsThe study was conducted in an urban area, in Makassar, Indonesia. At baseline, 100 mother and newborns pair from high and low SES communities were included. Intestinal protozoa, soil transmitted helminths, total IgE, anti-Hepatitis A Virus IgG and anti-Toxoplasma IgG were measured to determine exposure to infections. Information on gestational age, birth weight/height and delivery status were collected. Weight-for-length z-score, a proxy for newborns adiposity, was calculated. Leptin and adiponectin from cord sera were also measured. At 10 months of age, BCG scar size was measured from 59 infants. Statistical modelling was performed using multiple linear regression.
resultsBoth SES and birth nutritional status shape the response towards BCG vaccination at 10 months of age. Infants born to low SES families have smaller BCG scar size compared to infants born from high SES families and total IgE contributed to the reduced scar size. On the other hand, infants born with better nutritional status were found to have bigger BCG scar size but this association was abolished by leptin levels at birth.
conclusionThis study provides new insights into the importance of SES and leptin levels at birth on the development of BCG scar in 10 months old infants.
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