ArticleNicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco2020
How Does Smoking and Nicotine Dependence Change After Onset of Vaping? A Retrospective Analysis of Dual Users.
Article in Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 62 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
62 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The Role of Nicotine and Flavor in the Abuse Potential and Appeal of Electronic Cigarettes for Adult Current and Former Cigarette and Electronic Cigarette Users: A Systematic Review.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2022Pooled it
- Relative Efficacy of an Acceptance and Commitment Therapy-Based Smartphone App with a Standard US Clinical Practice Guidelines-Based App for Smoking Cessation in Dual Users of Combustible and Electronic Cigarettes: Secondary Findings from a Randomized Trial.Substance use & misuse · 2024Trial
- Use of e-Cigarettes in Cigarette Smoking Cessation: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2023Trial
- Changes in Nicotine Dependence Among Smokers Using Electronic Cigarettes to Reduce Cigarette Smoking in a Randomized Controlled Trial.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2023Trial
- Identifying prospective subpopulations of combustible and electronic cigarette dual users in the United States via finite mixture modeling.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2022Trial
- Changes in dependence, withdrawal, and craving among adult smokers who switch to nicotine salt pod-based e-cigarettes.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2022Trial
- Targeted smoking cessation for dual users of combustible and electronic cigarettes: a randomised controlled trial.The Lancet. Public health · 2021Trial
- Differentiating e-cigarette use and dual use: the role of impulsivity.Psychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Association of Daily E-Cigarette Use Duration With Anxiety in Adolescents: A Comparison With Cigarette-Only and Dual Use.Psychiatry investigation · 2026Article
- Traditional and Electronic Cigarette Usage Patterns, Dependence, and Perceptions Among Ajman University Students.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- The effectiveness of a real-world smoking cessation clinic: A prospective cohort study.Tobacco induced diseases · 2026Article
- Assessment of nicotine pharmacokinetics and abuse liability in randomized, crossover studies of Vuse Alto electronic nicotine delivery systems.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Prevalence of cigarette and e-cigarette dual use and associated factors among people who smoke in China aged 20-69 years.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Use of nicotine pouches among adults who currently or formerly smoked cigarettes and/or vaped nicotine: findings from the 2022 and 2024 US ITC smoking and vaping surveys.Tobacco control · 2025Article
- Association between use of combustible cigarettes and noncombustible nicotine or tobacco products and health-related quality of life in Korean men: a nationwide population-based study.Korean journal of family medicine · 2025Article
- Perceptions of and responses of young adults who use e-cigarettes to flavour bans in China: a qualitative study.Tobacco control · 2025Article
- Examining Electronic Nicotine Delivery System (ENDS) Cue Reactivity Using a Remote Platform: Cigarette and ENDS Desire in Dual Users.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2025Article
- Trends and Sociodemographic Differences in Tobacco/Nicotine Transitions Among U.S. Adolescents and Young Adults Using e-cigarettes, 2014-2023.The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine · 2025Article
- Does cannabis and electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) use interfere with cigarette smoking cessation in young adulthood?Addictive behaviors · 2025Article
- Disposable e-cigarettes: Prevalence of use in Germany from 2016 to 2023 and associated user characteristics.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2025Article
2 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionAlthough some smokers switch to exclusive use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), others become dual users of combustible cigarettes and e-cigarettes. Little is known about how the onset of vaping affects the use of and dependence on combustible cigarettes or total nicotine use and dependence, which may influence health-related and cessation outcomes. Using self-report data of current combustible and e-cigarette use and retrospective recall of pre-vaping smoking in a sample of dual users, the aims of this study were (1) to compare pre- and post-vaping number of cigarettes per day and combustible cigarette dependence; (2) to compare pre- and post-vaping total nicotine use frequency (number of vaping sessions and cigarettes smoked per day), and total nicotine dependence; and (3) to examine predictors of nicotine dependence.
methodsWe used baseline data from a smoking cessation trial with 2896 dual users. Nicotine use frequency and the Heaviness of Smoking Index were used as measures of nicotine use and dependence, respectively.
resultsParticipants decreased cigarettes/day from pre- (M = 19.24, SD = 9.01) to post-vaping (M = 11.15, SD = 8.02, p < .0001) and combustible cigarette dependence declined from pre- (M = 3.55, SD = 1.51) to post-vaping (M = 2.11, SD = 1.60, p < .0001). Total daily nicotine use frequency increased after initiating vaping (M = 19.25, SD = 9.01 vs. M = 29.46, SD = 8.61; p < .0001), as did total nicotine dependence (M = 3.55, SD = 1.51 vs. M = 4.68, SD = 1.38; p < .0001). Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that variables associated with greater overall nicotine dependence included: younger age, lower education, more years smoking, higher pre-vaping nicotine dependence, using e-cigarettes more days per month, more puffs per vaping session, higher e-liquid nicotine concentration, and longer vaping history.
conclusionsDual use leads to a reduction in the number of combustible cigarettes, but total nicotine use and dependence increases. IMPLICATIONS: In dual users, a reduction in smoking following onset of vaping may offer some harm reduction via reduction in cigarette intake. However, the increase in total nicotine use and dependence could affect the ability to quit either or both products.
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