ArticleHuman vaccines & immunotherapeutics2019
Evaluation of the thermal stability and the protective efficacy of spray-dried HPV vaccine, Gardasil® 9.
Article in Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
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- From bench to bedside: Unveiling the background and benefits of nanovaccines tested in clinics.Asian journal of pharmaceutical sciences · 2026Review
- Protein nanocages: A new frontier in mucosal vaccine delivery and immune activation.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Review
- Spray drying: From a traditional technology to modern biotechnological applications.International journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2025Review
- Machine learning insights into vaccine adjuvants and immune outcomes.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Spray drying Eudragit® E-PO with acetaminophen using 2- and 3-fluid nozzles for taste masking.International journal of pharmaceutics · 2024Article
- Article
- A Single Dose, Thermostable, Trivalent Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Formulated Using Atomic Layer Deposition.Journal of pharmaceutical sciences · 2023Article
- Advancements in Particle Engineering for Inhalation Delivery of Small Molecules and Biotherapeutics.Pharmaceutical research · 2022Review
- Novel Vaccine Strategies and Factors to Consider in Addressing Health Disparities of HPV Infection and Cervical Cancer Development among Native American Women.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Oral Papillomatosis: Its Relation with Human Papilloma Virus Infection and Local Immunity-An Update.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2022Review
- Exosomes from HPV-16 E7-pulsed dendritic cells prevent the migration, M1 polarization, and inflammation of macrophages in cervical cancer by regulating catalase 2 (CAT2).Annals of translational medicine · 2022Article
- How the use of vaccines outside the cold chain or in controlled temperature chain contributes to improving immunization coverage in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs): A scoping review of the literature.Journal of global health · 2021Article
- Development and Testing of a Spray-Dried Tuberculosis Vaccine Candidate in a Mouse Model.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2021Article
- Lyophilized, antigen-bound liposomes with reduced MPLA and enhanced thermostability.International journal of pharmaceutics · 2020Article
- Review
- There's Much Yet to be Done: Diverse Perspectives on HPV Vaccination.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types are responsible for nearly all cases of cervical cancers. Cervarix® and Gardasil® 9 are the current prophylactic vaccines available that protect against the majority of HPVs associated with cancer. Although these vaccines are highly effective, HPV vaccine implementation has been slow, particularly in low-and-middle income countries. Major barriers to the widespread availability of the HPV vaccines is its cost and the requirement for continuous refrigeration (2-8°C). Here, we used spray drying along with stabilizing excipients to formulate a thermostable Gardasil® 9 vaccine. We evaluated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the vaccine in mice immediately after spray drying and following storage for three months at 4°C, 25°C, and 40°C. The immunogenicity studies were performed using Gardasil® 9 as a whole antigen, and not individual HPV types, for ELISA. At the dose tested, the spray dried vaccine conferred protection against HPV following storage at temperatures up to 40°C. In addition to the spray-dried vaccine, our studies revealed that the Gardasil® 9 vaccine, as currently marketed, may be stored and transported at elevated temperatures for up to 3 months without losing efficacy, especially against HPV16. This study is critical, as a thermostable vaccine will decrease vaccine cost associated with cold-chain maintenance and could increase vaccine access and coverage, especially in remote regions of the world.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.