ReviewAmbio2019
Effects of lead from ammunition on birds and other wildlife: A review and update.
Review in Ambio, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 50 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
50 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Home range size and foraging niche predict lead exposure variability in terrestrial birds.Ecotoxicology (London, England) · 2026Pooled it
- Trace Metal Concentrations in Black Swan (Cygnus atratus) Eggshells from Urban and Coastal Wetlands in Southeastern Australia.Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology · 2026Article
- Article
- Tracing Veterinary Pharmaceuticals through Regurgitated Pellets: A Noninvasive Monitoring Approach to Assess Exposure in Avian Scavengers.Environmental science & technology · 2026Article
- Region- and season-specific exposure to lead in a common North American songbird.Ecotoxicology (London, England) · 2026Article
- Ecotoxicological effects of lead in ducks and geese.Veterinary research communications · 2026Review
- High prevalence but low concentrations of blood lead (Pb) levels among trumpeter swans in central North America.Ecotoxicology (London, England) · 2026Article
- Article
- Exposure of Sub-adult Nile Crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) to Extreme Lead Concentrations: A 48-week Experimental Study with Implications for Wild Populations.Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology · 2025Article
- Tracking solutions to a persistent threat: spatial movement patterns reflect lead exposure in critically endangered California condors.Ecotoxicology (London, England) · 2025Article
- Understanding Pb contamination in wild mammals and birds and examining the potential contamination related to ammunition in Japan.The Journal of veterinary medical science · 2025Article
- Cultural significance and conservation challenges of the hooded vulture (Necrosyrtes monachus) and other vulture species in northeastern Benin.Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine · 2025Article
- Heavy Metal Poisoning and Its Impacts on the Conservation of Amazonian Parrots: An Interdisciplinary Review.Biology · 2025Review
- First Report of Respiratory Infection Caused by Multidrug-ResistantAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Case Report: Acute lead poisoning from bullet ingestion in a captive cheetah (Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
- Lead Concentrations in Tissues of Pigeons (Toxics · 2024Article
- Landscape degradation drives metal bioaccumulation in bats from Atlantic Forest cacao region, Brazil.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2024Article
- Elevated Heavy Metal(loid) Blood and Feather Concentrations in Wetland Birds from Different Trophic Levels Indicate Exposure to Environmental Pollutants.Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology · 2024Article
- Exposure to Sublethal Concentrations of Lead (Pb) Affects Ecologically Relevant Behaviors in House Sparrows (Passer domesticus).Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology · 2024Article
- Concentration of metals and metalloids in livers of birds of various foraging guilds collected during the autumn migration period in Poland.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Poisoning of wild birds following ingestion of lead from ammunition has long been recognised and considerable recent research has focused on terrestrial birds, including raptors and scavengers. This paper builds upon previous reviews and finds that both the number of taxa affected and geographical spread of cases has increased. Some lead may also be absorbed from embedded ammunition fragments in injured birds which risk sub-lethal and welfare effects. Some papers suggest inter-specific differences in sensitivity to lead, although it is difficult to disentangle these from other factors that influence effect severity. Sub-lethal effects have been found at lower blood lead concentrations than previously reported, suggesting that previous effect-level 'thresholds' should be abandoned or revised. Lead poisoning is estimated to kill a million wildfowl a year in Europe and cause sub-lethal poisoning in another ≥ 3 million. Modelling and correlative studies have supported the potential for population-level effects of lead poisoning in wildfowl, terrestrial birds, raptors and scavengers.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.