ArticleBiophysical journal2019
How Does Cilium Length Affect Beating?
Article in Biophysical journal, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- Embodied behavioural complexity in a ciliated microorganism.Nature communications · 2026Article
- ARMC2 loss impairs cilia structure and leads to primary ciliary dyskinesia symptoms in mouse organs.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Article
- The wavelength of the ciliary beat in Chlamydomonas saturates at long ciliary lengths.Biophysical journal · 2025Article
- Ciliary wavelength has its limits.Biophysical journal · 2025Article
- Article
- Article
- Article
- Metachrony drives effective mucociliary transport via a calcium-dependent mechanism.American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology · 2024Article
- Motor protein Kif6 regulates cilia motility and polarity in brain ependymal cells.Disease models & mechanisms · 2024Article
- Nonreciprocal interactions give rise to fast cilium synchronization in finite systems.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- Article
- Robust acoustic trapping and perturbation of single-cell microswimmers illuminate three-dimensional swimming and ciliary coordination.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- The Intracellular Amastigote of Trypanosoma cruzi Maintains an Actively Beating Flagellum.mBio · 2023Article
- Article
- Review
- Basal bodies bend in response to ciliary forces.Molecular biology of the cell · 2022Article
- Intracellular connections between basal bodies promote the coordinated behavior of motile cilia.Molecular biology of the cell · 2022Article
- Daw1 regulates the timely onset of cilia motility during development.Development (Cambridge, England) · 2022Article
- Ciliary central apparatus structure reveals mechanisms of microtubule patterning.Nature structural & molecular biology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The effects of cilium length on the dynamics of cilia motion were investigated by high-speed video microscopy of uniciliated mutants of the swimming alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Cells with short cilia were obtained by deciliating cells via pH shock and allowing cilia to reassemble for limited times. The frequency of cilia beating was estimated from the motion of the cell body and of the cilium. Key features of the ciliary waveform were quantified from polynomial curves fitted to the cilium in each image frame. Most notably, periodic beating did not emerge until the cilium reached a critical length between 2 and 4 μm. Surprisingly, in cells that exhibited periodic beating, the frequency of beating was similar for all lengths with only a slight decrease in frequency as length increased from 4 μm to the normal length of 10-12 μm. The waveform average curvature (rad/μm) was also conserved as the cilium grew. The mechanical metrics of ciliary propulsion (force, torque, and power) all increased in proportion to length. The mechanical efficiency of beating appeared to be maximal at the normal wild-type length of 10-12 μm. These quantitative features of ciliary behavior illuminate the biophysics of cilia motion and, in future studies, may help distinguish competing hypotheses of the underlying mechanism of oscillation.
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