Observational studyNicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco2020
E-cigarette Dependence Measures in Dual Users: Reliability and Relations With Dependence Criteria and E-cigarette Cessation.
Observational study in Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07223879 (Single Blind, Parallel Group Trial of Novel, On-Demand Virtual Reality to Amplify Practice Efficacy), which is not on this map. Cited by 66 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Single Blind, Parallel Group Trial of Novel, On-Demand Virtual Reality to Amplify Practice Efficacy (NO VAPE) Added to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Nicotine Vaping Cessation
Who cites it
66 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 85 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Scoping Review and Meta-analysis of the Use of Remote Biochemical Verification Methods of Smoking Status in Tobacco Research.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2023Pooled it
- Instruments to measure e-cigarette related constructs: a systematic review.BMC public health · 2022Pooled it
- ACT on Vaping: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of a Novel Digital Health App With Text Messaging for Young Adult Vaping Cessation.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2026Trial
- The Effect of Conflicting Public Health Guidance on Smokers' and Vapers' E-cigarette Harm Perceptions.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2022Trial
- E-cigarette and cannabis use and co-use patterns and dependence trajectories among young adults in the United States.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Article
- Differentiating e-cigarette use and dual use: the role of impulsivity.Psychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Article
- Continuous associations of the brief Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives with transitions between cigarette and e-cigarette use.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2026Article
- What is the Addictive Potential from Vaping?Nordisk alkohol- & narkotikatidskrift : NAT · 2026Article
- Comparison of nicotine dependence between exclusive, dual, and triple tobacco users among Korean adults: A cross-sectional study.Tobacco induced diseases · 2026Article
- Development of Survey Measures of Uncontrolled Vaping and Vaping Restraint.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2025Article
- Article
- Validity of the E-cigarette Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives in Exclusive E-cigarette Users: Evidence From a Laboratory Self-Administration Study.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2025Article
- Biomarkers of Nicotine and Toxicant Exposure by E-Liquid Nicotine Concentration Level among US Adult Exclusive E-Cigarette Users.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2025Article
- Daily hassle effects on daily cigarette and/or e-cigarette use: the moderating effect of daily uplifts.Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine · 2025Article
- The experiences of young adults attempting to quit e-cigarettes: A mixed-methods analysis.Tobacco prevention & cessation · 2025Article
- Patterns of e-cigarette use and interest in cessation among current users in Ontario: An online cross-sectional study.PloS one · 2025Article
- Understanding the motivational mechanisms for smoking and vaping among dual users and exclusive smokers.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2024Article
- Health Risks Associated with Adopting New-Generation Disposable Products Among Young Adults Who Use E-Cigarettes.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- An adaptation and exploratory factor analysis of the smoking-related weight and eating episodes test (SWEET) for electronic cigarette users.Addictive behaviors · 2024Article
6 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundElectronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have drastically changed the nicotine and tobacco product landscape. However, their potential public health impact is still unclear. A reliable and valid measure of e-cigarette dependence would likely advance assessment and prognostication of the public health impact of e-cigarettes. The aim of this research was to examine the internal consistency, structure, and validity of three e-cigarette dependence scales.
methodsAdult dual users (smokers who also vape, N = 256) enrolled in an observational cohort study (45.1% women, 70.7% white). At baseline, participants completed the e-cigarette Fagerström Test of Cigarette Dependence (e-FTCD), the e-cigarette Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives (e-WISDM), and the Penn State Electronic Cigarette Dependence Index (PS-ECDI). All participants provided a urine sample for cotinine analysis and reported e-cigarette use at 1 year.
resultsThe e-WISDM subscales had the highest internal consistency (α = .81-.96), then the PS-ECDI (α = .74) and e-FTCD (α = .51). A single-factor structure for the e-FTCD and an 11-factor structure for the e-WISDM were supported, but the PS-ECDI did not have a single-factor structure. All three e-cigarette dependence scales were highly correlated with validation criteria including continued e-cigarette use at 1 year, but not with e-liquid nicotine concentration or cotinine.
conclusionsThe e-WISDM and PS-ECDI had stronger internal consistency than did the e-FTCD, despite the e-FTCD's single-factor structure, but all 3 measures appear to be valid measures of e-cigarette dependence as suggested by their significant relations with self-perceived addiction, heavy use, early use after overnight deprivation, and continued use over time. IMPLICATIONS: This research provides empirical support for three e-cigarette dependence measures: the e-FTCD, the PS-ECDI, and the e-WISDM among dual users of e-cigarettes and combustible cigarettes. The PS-ECDI and e-WISDM are more reliable, but all three measures were strongly correlated with key dependence constructs such as heavy use and continued use over time.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.