ArticleSexually transmitted infections2019
Incubation period and risk factors support sexual transmission of bacterial vaginosis in women who have sex with women.
Article in Sexually transmitted infections, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021.MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports · 2021Guideline
- Sexual practices have a significant impact on the vaginal microbiota of women who have sex with women.Scientific reports · 2019Trial
- Predicting bacterial vaginosis incidence using artificial neural networks.PLoS computational biology · 2026Article
- Characteristics associated with Lactobacillus-depleted vaginal microbiota in women with different sexual behavior.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Investigating Bacterial Vaginosis Pathogenesis Using Peptide Nucleic Acid-FluorescenceOpen forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Bacterial vaginosis.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2025Review
- Suggested Screening Criteria for Gardnerella vaginalis Based on Established Risk Factors.Cureus · 2024Review
- Microbial interactions amongBMJ open · 2024Article
- Vaginal douching and health risks among young women.Health science reports · 2024Article
- Recruiting transgender men in the Southeastern United States for genital microbiome research: Lessons learned.PloS one · 2024Article
- A manifold-based framework for studying the dynamics of the vaginal microbiome.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2023Article
- Relationship between Bacterial Vaginosis and Sexually Transmitted Infections: Coincidence, Consequence or Co-Transmission?Microorganisms · 2023Article
- Vaginal and Extra-Vaginal Bacterial Colonization and Risk for Incident Bacterial Vaginosis in a Population of Women Who Have Sex With Men.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Bacterial vaginosis: drivers of recurrence and challenges and opportunities in partner treatment.BMC medicine · 2021Review
- Treatment of Male Sexual Partners of Women With Bacterial Vaginosis: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2021Article
- Asymptomatic Bacterial Vaginosis: To Treat or Not to Treat?Current infectious disease reports · 2020Article
- Article
- The microbiome and gynaecological cancer development, prevention and therapy.Nature reviews. Urology · 2020Review
- Host-vaginal microbiota interactions in the pathogenesis of bacterial vaginosis.Current opinion in infectious diseases · 2020Review
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThe epidemiology of bacterial vaginosis (BV) favours sexual transmission of BV-associated bacteria. We examined incubation period and risk factors for incident BV (iBV) in a prospective study of women who have sex with women (WSW).
methodsUsing daily self-collected vaginal swabs, WSW with normal vaginal microbiota (no Amsel criteria and a Nugent score of 0-3) were followed for 90 days or until iBV (Nugent score 7-10 on at least 2-3 consecutive days). Daily diaries of sexual activity and menses were completed. Time to iBV was estimated. Accounting for differing lengths of follow-up and age, rates of sexual activities (per 100 person-days (pd)) were compared according to iBV status. The relationship between menses and iBV was also investigated.
resultsOf the 36 WSW, the mean age was 30 years (SD 8) and 92% were African American. The probability of iBV at 30 and 60 days was 20% (SD 7%) and 36% (SD 8%), respectively; 14 (39%) developed iBV by 90 days. In WSW with iBV versus those without iBV, the relative rate of any sexual activity prior to iBV was 40% higher (20.4 vs 14.6 per 100 pd; p=0.010), sex with a woman was 38% higher (14.3 vs 10.3 per 100 pd; p=0.038), digital-vaginal sex was 57% higher (14.3 vs 9.1 per 100 pd; p=0.005) and digital-anal sex was 5.6 times higher (2.9 vs 0.5 per 100 pd; p<0.001). iBV was more likely for those WSW with menses in the prior 2 days as compared with those without recent menses (HR 3.4; p=0.029). Sexual activity occurred in 93% WSW at a median of 4 days (95% CI 2 to 6) prior to iBV.
conclusioniBV was common and associated with sexual activity in this cohort of predominantly African American WSW. An incubation period of 4 days is consistent with other bacterial STIs.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.