ArticleEMBO reports2019
cGAS facilitates sensing of extracellular cyclic dinucleotides to activate innate immunity.
Article in EMBO reports, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 52 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
52 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 70 citations in OpenAlex.
- The cGAS-STING signaling pathway in the regulation of pulmonary infections: a systematic review.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Pooled it
- cGAS in nucleus: The link between immune response and DNA damage repair.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- Purine and pyrimidine-based bacterial cyclic dinucleotides egress the phagosome and activate the innate immune sensor STING.Immunity · 2026Article
- Small but mighty: mitochondrial DNA at the centre of retrograde signalling.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Review
- The cGAS-STING pathway at the crossroads of neuroimmunology: bridging innate immunity to aging and neurodegeneration.Biomarker research · 2026Review
- Article
- cGAS-STING dependent type I IFN reduces Leptospira interrogans renal colonization in mice.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- The hidden driver of osteoporosis: mitochondria-dominated inflammation.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2025Review
- Nucleic Acid Diversity in cGAS-STING Pathway Activation and Immune Dysregulation.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Borrelia burgdorferi c-di-AMP is a key extracellular pathogen-associated molecular pattern to elicit type I interferon responses in mammalian hosts.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2025Article
- Unlocking the therapeutic potential of the STING signaling pathway in anti-tumor treatment.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2025Review
- Mitochondrial complex IV remodeling in tumor-associated macrophages amplifies interferon signaling and promotes anti-tumor immunity.Immunity · 2025Article
- Role of cGAS/STING pathway in aging and sexual dimorphism in diabetic kidney disease.JCI insight · 2024Article
- The 4EHP-mediated translational repression of cGAS impedes the host immune response against DNA viruses.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Minocycline prevents early age-related cognitive decline in a mouse model of intellectual disability caused by ZBTB18/RP58 haploinsufficiency.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Article
- Exploration of the Binding Mechanism of Cyclic Dinucleotide Analogs to Stimulating Factor Proteins and the Implications for Subsequent Analog Drug Design.Biomolecules · 2024Article
- Similarities in the induction of the intracellular pathogen response in Caenorhabditis elegans and the type I interferon response in mammals.BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology · 2023Article
- Exogenous DNA enhances DUOX2 expression and function in human pancreatic cancer cells by activating the cGAS-STING signaling pathway.Free radical biology & medicine · 2023Article
- Immunotherapies in chronic pain through modulation of neuroimmune interactions.Pharmacology & therapeutics · 2023Review
- Role of cGAS-STING signaling pathway in cardiometabolic diseases.Zhong nan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Central South University. Medical sciences · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
21 authors at 7 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) are important second messenger molecules in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Within host cells, cytosolic CDNs are detected by STING and alert the host by activating innate immunity characterized by type I interferon (IFN) responses. Extracellular bacteria and dying cells can release CDNs, but sensing of extracellular CDNs (eCDNs) by mammalian cells remains elusive. Here, we report that endocytosis facilitates internalization of eCDNs. The DNA sensor cGAS facilitates sensing of endocytosed CDNs, their perinuclear accumulation, and subsequent STING-dependent release of type I IFN Internalized CDNs bind cGAS directly, leading to its dimerization, and the formation of a cGAS/STING complex, which may activate downstream signaling. Thus, eCDNs comprise microbe- and danger-associated molecular patterns that contribute to host-microbe crosstalk during health and disease.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.