ArticleParasites & vectors2019
Comparative virulence of Caribbean, Brazilian and European isolates of Toxoplasma gondii.
Article in Parasites & vectors, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pathology and parasite distribution in mice challenged withParasitology · 2026Article
- First isolation of viable Toxoplasma gondii from a black mangabey (Lophocebus aterrimus) reveals the emergence of the Africa 1 lineage in East Asia.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Investigation of Virulence-Related Markers in Atypical Strains ofMicroorganisms · 2025Article
- Toxoplasma gondii molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis in hemodialysis patients from Khuzestan, Southwest Iran.Tropical medicine and health · 2024Article
- Genetic diversity ofCurrent research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases · 2024Article
- An abortion storm in a goat farm in the Northeast Region of Brazil was caused by the atypicalCurrent research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases · 2024Article
- Early immune response toFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Article
- A combination of GRA3, GRA6 and GRA7 peptides offer a useful tool for serotyping type II and IIIFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Article
- Heterologous immunization targeting the CST1 antigen confers better protection than ROP18 in mice.Nanomedicine (London, England) · 2024Article
- Genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii in South America: occurrence, immunity, and fate of infection.Parasites & vectors · 2023Review
- Toxoplasma rhoptry proteins that affect encephalitis outcome.Cell death discovery · 2023Review
- iTRAQ-Based Phosphoproteomic Analysis Exposes Molecular Changes in the Small Intestinal Epithelia of Cats afterAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Article
- Effects of Ovine Monocyte-Derived Macrophage Infection by Recently IsolatedAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2022Article
- The Impact of LatentMicroorganisms · 2022Article
- Toxoplasma gondii clonal type III is the dominant genotype identified in Grenadian pigs.Veterinary medicine and science · 2022Article
- Article
- Molecular prevalence, genetic characterization and patterns of Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic small mammals from Cotonou, Benin.Parasite (Paris, France) · 2022Article
- Unifying Virulence Evaluation inFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Review
- In vivo and in vitro models show unexpected degrees of virulence among Toxoplasma gondii type II and III isolates from sheep.Veterinary research · 2021Article
- Genetic and histopathological characterization of Toxoplasma gondii genotypes isolated from free-range chickens reared in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil.Parasitology research · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundToxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic parasite of global importance. The outcome of infection in humans can depend on a number of factors including the infecting stage of the parasite, inoculating dose and virulence of the infecting strain. Molecular epidemiological studies have demonstrated an abundance of atypical strains of T. gondii in South America, many of which have been associated with more severe sequelae of infection. The aim of this study was to compare the virulence of T. gondii strains isolated in the Caribbean to a virulent Brazilian strain and an avirulent European strain.
methodsOne hundred and twenty Swiss CD-1 mice were split into 8 groups of 15 mice and each group was inoculated with 200 tachyzoites of one of 8 isolates, comprising ToxoDB genotypes #1, #141, #265, #13, #3 and #6. Five mice per group were euthanized at day 8 post-inoculation (p.i.) and parasite burden was determined in heart, lungs and eyes using quantitative PCR. Lungs and brain were also examined by histopathology and immunohistochemistry. The remaining 10 mice per group were part of a survival experiment to assess virulence. DNA was extracted from tachyzoites of each of the 8 T. gondii isolates and genotyped at four ROP gene loci, including ROP5, ROP16, ROP17 and ROP18 to look for association with markers of virulence.
resultsInfection with ToxoDB genotype #13 from the Caribbean resulted in 100% of mice being euthanized which was comparative to infection with the virulent Brazilian strain (ToxoDB genotype #6). Significantly higher parasite burdens were recorded in the lungs and eyes of mice infected with ToxoDB genotypes #13 and #6. Genotyping of ROP loci revealed that the virulent Caribbean isolates had a different ROP18/ROP5 allelic profile (3/1) to the virulent Brazilian isolate (1/3); however, the avirulent Caribbean isolate (ToxoDB genotype #1) had the same ROP18/ROP5 profile as the avirulent European isolate (ToxoDB #3) (both 2/2). Caribbean isolates of intermediate virulence (ToxoDB #141 and #265) all had the same ROP18/ROP5 allelic profile (2/2).
conclusionsIsolates from the Caribbean with ToxoDB genotype #13 were acutely virulent for mice and comparable to a known virulent Brazilian isolate. The ROP protein allelic profile of the virulent Caribbean and Brazilian isolates differed indicating that perhaps other factors are involved in predicting virulence. Understanding virulence is important for predicting disease outcome in humans and may also aid vaccine design as well as drug discovery.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.