Evidence map›Paper›PMID 30871485›Full record

ArticleBMC infectious diseases2019

Exploring the complex relationship between women's sanitation practices and household diarrhea in the slums of Nairobi: a cross-sectional study.

Samantha Winter, Millicent Ningoma Dzombo, Francis Barchi

Open access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
9citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
3.8field-weighted citation impact, top 7% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

9 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 36 citations in OpenAlex.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.

Samantha WinterEdward J. Bloustein School of Planning & Public Policy Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 33 Livingston Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA. Winter.samantha@gmail.com.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6629-7642
Millicent Ningoma DzomboDepartment of Sociology and Social Work, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
Francis BarchiEdward J. Bloustein School of Planning & Public Policy Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 33 Livingston Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey · USUniversity of Nairobi · KE

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundDiarrheal disease kills over half a million people each year in sub-Saharan Africa; the majority are children under 5 years. About 58% of diarrhea cases are associated with poor water, sanitation, and hygiene-a critical issue for people living in informal settlements. In Kenya, 60% of Nairobi's population lives in informal settlements; yet, there is a paucity of research exploring the relationship between water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) conditions in these settlements and associated health outcomes.

methodsThe study examines characteristics of women's WASH behaviors and environments as potential factors associated with household diarrhea in Mathare Valley Informal Settlement in Nairobi using cross-sectional survey data collected from 550 women.

resultsApproximately 17% of participants reported that at least one member of the household suffered from diarrhea in the previous 2 weeks-48% of the cases were children under five. Results from a logistic regression exploring factors associated with reports of household diarrhea suggest that women's sanitation management strategies are associated with recent household diarrhea. Women who use toilets for defecation during the day, but rely on bags, buckets, or open defecation (OD) for urination during the day and for urination and defecation at night have over five time the odds of recent household diarrhea than women who use a toilet for all their sanitation needs. The odds of diarrhea were also higher for participants who walk up to 2 min to reach their toilets/sites for defecation and those who rely on water from taps inside buildings and plots. Odds were 62% lower for participants with clean toilets.

conclusionsFindings suggest that health targets to reduce the prevalence of diarrheal diseases in informal settlements may not be met unless particular attention is paid to the needs of women living in these environments.

Indexed as

DiarrheaSanitationAdultBathroom EquipmentChild, PreschoolCross-Sectional StudiesDrinking WaterFamily CharacteristicsFemaleHealth Knowledge, Attitudes, PracticeHumansHygieneKenyaPoverty AreasPrevalenceDrinking WaterDeveloping countriesDiarrheaInformal settlementsKenyaSanitation and hygieneSlumsWaterWomen

Identifiers

PMID30871485
PMCPMC6419495
OpenAlexW2929461675

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.