ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2019
IL-36, IL-37, and IL-38 Cytokines in Skin and Joint Inflammation: A Comprehensive Review of Their Therapeutic Potential.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 83 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immunobiological Properties and Clinical Applications of Interleukin-38 for Immune-Mediated Disorders: A Systematic Review Study.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Pooled it
- Impact of Anti-CD20 Therapies on Cytokine, Chemokine and Adhesion Molecule Dynamics in Multiple Sclerosis: A Narrative Review.Neurology and therapy · 2026Review
- The IL-36 Cytokine Rheostat: Hierarchical Regulation of Epithelial-Immune Crosstalk and Precision Therapy in Psoriatic and Related Dermatoses.Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology · 2026Review
- Serum Dysregulation of IL-36, IL-37, and IL-38 in Pyoderma Gangrenosum: Clinical Correlations and Implications for IL-36R-Targeted Therapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- IL-38 as a Novel Biomarker in Multiple Myeloma Patients: A Prospective Clinical Evaluation.Cancer management and research · 2025Article
- Interventions in cytokine signaling: novel horizons for psoriasis treatment.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- The role of interleukin-37 and interleukin-38 in the development and remission of autism spectrum disorder: a comprehensive review of neuroinflammatory mechanisms and potential therapeutic implications.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- The pivotal role of cytokines in liver disease pathogenesis and therapeutic potential.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Elevated serum IL-36γ levels in patients with ankylosing spondylitis and its association with disease activity.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2024Article
- Survivin: A key apoptosis inhibitor in COVID-19 infection and its implication for treatment protocol.Saudi journal of biological sciences · 2024Article
- Interplay of cytokines in the pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis: insights from Murin models and human.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Review
- Challenges and Future Trends in Atopic Dermatitis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Serum Interleukin-36 α as a Candidate Biomarker to Distinguish Behçet's Syndrome and Psoriatic Arthritis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- New Insight into the Molecular Pathomechanism and Immunomodulatory Treatments of Hidradenitis Suppurativa.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Targeting IL-36 in Inflammatory Skin Diseases.BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy · 2023Article
- Activation of Mast Cells by Neuropeptides: The Role of Pro-Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Generalized Pustular Psoriasis: A Review on Clinical Characteristics, Diagnosis, and Treatment.Dermatology and therapy · 2023Review
- Serum IL-38 Level Was Associated with Incidence of MACE in the STEMI Patients.International journal of general medicine · 2023Article
- "Input/output cytokines" in epidermal keratinocytes and the involvement in inflammatory skin diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Recombinant IL-37 Exerts an Anti-inflammatory Effect on Human Aortic Valve Interstitial Cells through Extracellular and Intracellular Actions.International journal of biological sciences · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The interleukin (IL)-1 family of cytokines is composed of 11 members, including the most recently discovered IL-36α, β, γ, IL-37, and IL-38. Similar to IL-1, IL-36 cytokines are initiators and amplifiers of inflammation, whereas both IL-37 and IL-38 display anti-inflammatory activities. A few studies have outlined the role played by these cytokines in several inflammatory diseases. For instance, IL-36 agonists seem to be relevant for the pathogenesis of skin psoriasis whereas, despite being expressed within the synovial tissue, their silencing or overexpression do not critically influence the course of arthritis in mice. In this review, we will focus on the state of the art of the molecular features and biological roles of IL-36, IL-37, and IL-38 in representative skin- and joint-related inflammatory diseases, namely psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriatic arthritis. We will then offer an overview of the therapeutic potential of targeting the IL-36 axis in these diseases, either by blocking the proinflammatory agonists or enhancing the physiologic inhibitory feedback on the inflammation mediated by the antagonists IL-37 and IL-38.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.