ArticlePloS one2019
Inflammatory mediators and dual depression: Potential biomarkers in plasma of primary and substance-induced major depression in cocaine and alcohol use disorders.
Article in PloS one, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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15 citing papers in PubMed, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Neuroinflammatory-related biomarkers and psychiatric symptom changes in substance use disorder: a South African cohort study.BMC psychiatry · 2026Article
- Article
- Distinct cardiac troponin alterations in patients with cocaine and alcohol use disorders during abstinence for cardiovascular risk assessment.Scientific reports · 2025Observational
- Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2024Review
- Dysregulation of Plasma Growth Factors and Chemokines in Cocaine Use Disorder: Implications for Dual Diagnosis with Schizophrenia and Antisocial Personality Disorder in an Exploratory Study.Neuropsychobiology · 2024Article
- Toll-like receptor 4 antagonists reduce cocaine-primed reinstatement of drug seeking.Psychopharmacology · 2023Article
- Microglia in depression: an overview of microglia in the pathogenesis and treatment of depression.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2022Review
- Plasma Amino Acid Concentrations in Patients with Alcohol and/or Cocaine Use Disorders and Their Association with Psychiatric Comorbidity and Sex.Biomedicines · 2022Article
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor as a Potential Biomarker of Neuroinflammation and Frontal Cognitive Impairment in Patients with Alcohol Use Disorder.Biomedicines · 2022Article
- Personal and Social Consequences of Psychotropic Substance Use: A Population-Based Internet Survey.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2022Article
- Plasma concentrations of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in patients with substance use disorders and comorbid major depressive disorder.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Depression and Cardiovascular Disease: The Viewpoint of Platelets.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Review
- CCL-11 or Eotaxin-1: An Immune Marker for Ageing and Accelerated Ageing in Neuro-Psychiatric Disorders.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Review
- Variation in chemokines plasma concentrations in primary care depressed patients associated with Internet-based cognitive-behavioral therapy.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- The Potential Role of Dysfunctions in Neuron-Microglia Communication in the Pathogenesis of Brain Disorders.Current neuropharmacology · 2020Review
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the most prevalent comorbid mental disorder among people with substance use disorders. The MDD can be both primary and substance-induced and its accurate diagnosis represents a challenge for clinical practice and treatment response. Recent studies reported alterations in the circulating expression of inflammatory mediators in patients with psychiatric disorders, including those related to substance use. The aim of the study was to explore TNF-α, IL-1β, CXCL12, CCL2, CCL11 (eotaxin-1) and CX3CL1 (fractalkine) as potential biomarkers to identify comorbid MDD and to distinguish primary MDD from substance-induced MDD in patients with substance disorders. Patients diagnosed with cocaine (CUD, n = 64) or alcohol (AUD, n = 65) use disorders with/without MDD were recruited from outpatient treatment programs [CUD/non-MDD (n = 31); CUD/primary MDD (n = 18); CUD/cocaine-induced MDD (N = 15); AUD/non-MDD (n = 27); AUD/primary MDD (n = 16) and AUD/alcohol-induced MDD (n = 22)]. Sixty-two healthy subjects were also recruited as control group. Substance and mental disorders were assessed according to "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, text revision" (DSM-IV-TR) and a blood sample was collected for determinations in the plasma. The cocaine group showed lower TNF-α (p<0.05) and CCL11 (p<0.05), and higher IL-1β (p<0.01) concentrations than the control group. In contrast, the alcohol group showed higher IL-1β (p<0.01) and lower CXCL12 (p<0.01) concentrations than the control group. Regarding MDD, we only observed alterations in the cocaine group. Thus, CUD/MDD patients showed lower IL-1β (p<0.05), CXCL12 (p<0.05) and CCL11 (p<0.05), and higher CXC3CL1 (p<0.05) concentrations than CUD/non-MDD patients. Moreover, while CUD/primary MDD patients showed higher CCL11 (p<0.01) concentrations than both CUD/non-MDD and CUD/cocaine-induced MDD patients, CUD/cocaine-induced MDD patients showed lower CXCL12 (p<0.05) concentrations than CUD/non-MDD patients. Finally, a logistic regression model in the cocaine group identified CXCL12, CCL11 and sex to distinguish primary MDD from cocaine-induced MDD providing a high discriminatory power. The present data suggest an association between changes in inflammatory mediators and the diagnosis of primary and substance-induced MDD, namely in CUD patients.
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