ArticleEpidemiology and infection2019
School sessions are correlated with seasonal outbreaks of medically attended respiratory infections: electronic health record time series analysis, Wisconsin 2004-2011.
Article in Epidemiology and infection, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed.
- Global, regional, and national burden of upper respiratory infections in adolescents and young adults: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.Journal of thoracic disease · 2026Article
- Ecological reshaping of pediatric respiratory pathogen profiles after COVID-19-related non-pharmaceutical interventions were lifted: a 5-year interrupted time-series study.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
- Epidemiology of viral and atypical bacterial respiratory infections among children hospitalised at a Kenyan tertiary referral centre: a cross sectional multiplex PCR study.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
- Effects of K-12 School District Nonpharmaceutical Interventions on Community-Level Prevalence of Acute Respiratory Infection During the COVID-19 Pandemic.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2025Article
- Population-based study on hospital admissions for pediatric status asthmaticus: from before to after the COVID-19 pandemic.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Article
- Epidemiological trends and pathogen analysis of pediatric acute respiratory infections in Hanzhong Hospital, China: insights from 2023 to 2024.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Respiratory Diagnoses Year-Round: Unraveling the Multifaceted Pediatric Infection Cycles.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2024Article
- Descriptive Epidemiology of Pathogens Associated with Acute Respiratory Infection in a Community-Based Study of K-12 School Children (2015-2023).Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Effect of planned school breaks on student absenteeism due to influenza-like illness in school aged children-Oregon School District, Wisconsin September 2014-June 2019.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2024Article
- Prolonged School Closure and Pediatric Respiratory Hospitalization: The Silver Lining of the COVID-19 Pandemic.Global pediatric health · 2024Article
- Changing pattern of respiratory virus detections among school-aged children in a small community - Dane County, Wisconsin, September to December 2022.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2023Article
- Wastewater surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza in preK-12 schools shows school, community, and citywide infections.Water research · 2023Article
- The Oregon Child Absenteeism Due to Respiratory Disease Study (ORCHARDS): Rationale, objectives, and design.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2022Article
- Observational
- Incorporating calendar effects to predict influenza seasonality in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.Epidemiology and infection · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Increased social contact within school settings is thought to be an important factor in seasonal outbreaks of acute respiratory infection (ARI). To better understand the degree of impact, we analysed electronic health records and compared risks of respiratory infections within communities while schools were in session and out-of-session. A time series analysis of weekly respiratory infection diagnoses from 28 family medicine clinics in Wisconsin showed that people under the age of 65 experienced an increased risk of ARI when schools were in session. For children aged 5-17 years, the risk ratio for the first week of a school session was 1.12 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.93-1.34), the second week of a session was 1.39 (95% CI 1.15-1.68) and more than 2 weeks into a session was 1.43 (95% CI 1.20-1.71). Less significant increased risk ratios were also observed in young children (0-4 years) and adults (18-64 years). These results were obtained after modelling for baseline seasonal variations in disease prevalence and controlling for short-term changes in ambient temperature and relative humidity. Understanding the mechanisms of seasonality make it easier to predict outbreaks and launch timely public health interventions.
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