Evidence map›Paper›PMID 30867162›Full record

ReviewClinical microbiology reviews2019

Factors That Influence the Immune Response to Vaccination.

Petra Zimmermann, Nigel Curtis

Registry-linked trialOpen access · bronzeAbstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Clinical microbiology reviews, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04625725 (A Phase III Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Multi-center Study in Adults to Determine the Safety and Efficacy of AZD7442, a Combination Product of Two Monoclonal Antibodies), which is not on this map. Cited by 559 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
559citing papers in PubMed, 6 pooled it
61.9field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT04625725 phase3completednot on this mapstarted 2020, after this paper: background citation

A Phase III Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Multi-center Study in Adults to Determine the Safety and Efficacy of AZD7442, a Combination Product of Two Monoclonal Antibodies (AZD8895 and AZD1061), for Pre-exposure Prophylaxis of COVID-19.

TypeinterventionalSponsorAstraZenecaRan2020 to 2023Enrolled5,197ConditionsCOVID-19ArmsAZD7442, Placebo
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

559 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 946 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. S3 Guideline for the Treatment of Psoriasis vulgaris, adapted from EuroGuiDerm - part 2: Specific clinical and comorbid situations.Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft = Journal of the German Society of Dermatology : JDDG · 2026
    Guideline
  2. Pooled it
  3. Typhoid conjugate vaccines for preventing typhoid fever (enteric fever).The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2025
    Pooled it
  4. Vaccines for preventing infections in adults with solid tumours.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2025
    Pooled it
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  18. Noninferior Immunogenicity and Consistent Safety of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Prefusion F Protein Vaccine in Adults 50-59 Years Compared to ≥60 Years of Age.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2024
    Trial
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499 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.

Petra ZimmermannDepartment of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia petra.zimmermann@mcri.edu.au.
Nigel CurtisDepartment of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
University of Melbourne · AU

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

There is substantial variation between individuals in the immune response to vaccination. In this review, we provide an overview of the plethora of studies that have investigated factors that influence humoral and cellular vaccine responses in humans. These include intrinsic host factors (such as age, sex, genetics, and comorbidities), perinatal factors (such as gestational age, birth weight, feeding method, and maternal factors), and extrinsic factors (such as preexisting immunity, microbiota, infections, and antibiotics). Further, environmental factors (such as geographic location, season, family size, and toxins), behavioral factors (such as smoking, alcohol consumption, exercise, and sleep), and nutritional factors (such as body mass index, micronutrients, and enteropathy) also influence how individuals respond to vaccines. Moreover, vaccine factors (such as vaccine type, product, adjuvant, and dose) and administration factors (schedule, site, route, time of vaccination, and coadministered vaccines and other drugs) are also important. An understanding of all these factors and their impacts in the design of vaccine studies and decisions on vaccination schedules offers ways to improve vaccine immunogenicity and efficacy.

Indexed as

Immunity, CellularImmunity, HumoralAge FactorsComorbidityDrug DesignFemaleHumansMaleSex FactorsVaccinationantibodiescellularcytokineshumoralimmunizationimmunoglobulin

Identifiers

PMID30867162
PMCPMC6431125
OpenAlexW2921553057

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.